Empirically Derived Path Reduction Factor for Terrestrial Microwave Links Operating at 15 Ghz in Peninsula Malaysia

Abdulrahman, A. Y.; Rahman, Tharek Abd; Rahim, S. K. A.; Islam, Md. Rafiqul

doi:10.1163/156939311793898369

Cited by 37 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…The ITU‐R model proved suitable in evaluating the horizontal variation of rainfall, although its applicability for accurate estimation of the distance factor in all tropical regions and environments is still debatable. Therefore, numerous distance factor estimation models were developed to provide more accurate and broad prediction of RA in tropical regions such as the revised Silva Mello model, Abdulrahman model, and Lin model . The well‐known ITU‐R model developed to predict the distance factor expresses the distance factor as

r = \frac{1}{0.477 d^{0.633} R_{0.01}^{0.073 α} f^{0.123} - 10.579 false(1 - e^{false(- 0.024 L false)} false)},

where f denotes the frequency in gigahertz, R 0.01 is the RR at 0.01% percentage of time, α is the exponent in the specific attenuation model, and L is the actual PL between the transmitter and receiver.…”

Section: Calculation Of Rain Attenuationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is worth to note that, unlike the ITU model, the revised Silva Mello model does not include the signal frequency as a factor in estimating the distance factor. Similar to the Silva Mello model, the distance factor in Abdulrahman model is not a function of signal frequency and is given as

r = \frac{1}{1 + ([], \frac{d}{2.6379 {false(R_{0.01} false)}^{0.21}})},

where d denotes the actual distance between the transmitter and receiver, and R 0.01 is the RR at 0.01% percentage of time. Finally, Lin model, analogous to both Abdulrahman and Silva Mello models, expresses the distance factor in a simplified equation written as

r = \frac{1}{1 + ([], \frac{L}{L false(R_{p} false)})},

where L denotes the actual PL between the transmitter and receiver,

L false(R_{p} false) = \frac{2636}{false(R_{p} - 6.2 false)}

, and R p is the RR at p percentage of time.…”

Section: Calculation Of Rain Attenuationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Signal frequency characteristics during heavy rain, for example, are studied in the work of Sean et al, whereas a frequency scaling method is utilized in the work of Kesavan et al to estimate RA. Path length (PL) reduction factor model is also investigated and implemented to estimate RA in tropical regions in several studies . Furthermore, tropical rain characteristics are also considered factors affecting RA such as wet antenna effect, raindrop size distribution, rain rate (RR) conversion, and performance of rain fading .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Path length (PL) reduction factor model is also investigated and implemented to estimate RA in tropical regions in several studies . Furthermore, tropical rain characteristics are also considered factors affecting RA such as wet antenna effect, raindrop size distribution, rain rate (RR) conversion, and performance of rain fading . The mathematical models developed were a result of an empirical investigation of the frequency band relation, PL effect, RR effect, and raindrop size effect .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Rain attenuation and worst month statistics verification and modeling for 5G radio link system at 26 GHz in Malaysia

Shayea

Nissirat

Nisirat

et al. 2019

Trans Emerging Tel Tech

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The explosive daily dependence on wireless communication services necessitates the research to establish ultrawideband communication systems with ultrahigh bit rate transmission capabilities. The advent of the fifth-generation (5G) microwave link transmitting at millimeter-wave (mm-wave) frequency band is a promising technology to accommodate the escalating demand for wireless services. In this frequency band, however, the behavior of the transmission channel and its climatic properties are a major concern. This is of particular importance in tropical regions where the climate is mainly rainy with large raindrop size and high rainfall rate that may interact destructively with the propagating signal and cause total attenuation for the signal. International Telecommunication Union (ITU) introduced a global rain attenuation model to characterize the effect of rain on the propagating signal at a wideband of frequencies. The validity of this model in tropical regions is still an open question for research. In this paper, real measurements are conducted at Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru, Malaysia, to investigate the impact of rain on the propagation of mm-waves at 26 GHz over the microwave 5G radio link system. Rainfall rate and rain attenuation data sets are collected for one year at one sample per min sampling rate. Both data sets are used to estimate signal propagation conditions in comparison to the ITU model prediction. From the presented results, it is found that at 0.01% percentage of time and rainfall rate of about 120 mm/hr, the propagated signal would experience 26.2 dB losses per kilometer traveled. In addition, there is a significant deviation between the empirical estimation of the worst month parameters and the ITU worst month parameter prediction. Similarly, rainfall rate and rain attenuation estimated through the ITU model imposes a large deviation as compared with the measurements. Furthermore, more accurate empirical worst month parameters are proposed that yielded more accurate estimation of the worst month rainfall and rain attenuation predictions in comparison to the ITU model predictions. Trans Emerging Tel Tech. 2019;30:e3697. wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/ett

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r = \frac{1}{0.477 d^{0.633} R_{0.01}^{0.073 α} f^{0.123} - 10.579 false(1 - e^{false(- 0.024 L false)} false)},

Section: Calculation Of Rain Attenuationmentioning

confidence: 99%

r = \frac{1}{1 + ([], \frac{d}{2.6379 {false(R_{0.01} false)}^{0.21}})},

r = \frac{1}{1 + ([], \frac{L}{L false(R_{p} false)})},

where L denotes the actual PL between the transmitter and receiver,

L false(R_{p} false) = \frac{2636}{false(R_{p} - 6.2 false)}

, and R p is the RR at p percentage of time.…”

Section: Calculation Of Rain Attenuationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Rain attenuation and worst month statistics verification and modeling for 5G radio link system at 26 GHz in Malaysia

Shayea

Nissirat

Nisirat

et al. 2019

Trans Emerging Tel Tech

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show abstract

“…For the purpose of this paper, four established attenuation models have been utilized for the prediction of rain attenuation in South Korea. These are the ITU-R P.530-16 method [7], da Silva Mello model [8,9], Moupfouma model [10], and Abdulrahman model [11]. The comparative study of terrestrial rain attenuation in the South Western geographical region of Nigeria has been performed through the application of those models.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rain Attenuation Study over an 18 GHz Terrestrial Microwave Link in South Korea

Shrestha

Choi

2019

International Journal of Antennas and Propagation

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Absorption of microwave radio frequency signal by atmospheric rain and losses is prevalent at frequencies above 5 GHz. The functioning frequencies of 18 GHz are taken for the point-to-point microwave link system. This paper presents studies on rain attenuation at 18 GHz, which specifies minimum performance parameters for terrestrial fixed service digital radio communication equipment. It presents a 3.2 km experimental link at 18 GHz between Khumdang (Korea Telecom, KT station) and Icheon (National Radio Research Agency, RRA station). The received signal data for rain attenuation and the rain rate were collected at 10-second intervals over three year’s periods from 2013 to 2015. During the observation period, rain rates of about 50 mm/hr and attenuation values of 33.38 dB and 21.88 dB occurred for 0.01% of the time for horizontal and vertical polarization. This paper highlights the discussion and comparison of ITU-R P.530-16, Moupfouma, Silva Mello, and Abdulrahman models and proposed an attenuation prediction approach where it presents the relationship between theoretical specific rain attenuation as specified by ITU-R P.838-3, γ%p, and effective specific rain attenuation, γeff. Additionally, it studies 1-minute rain rates derived from higher time integration of 5-minute, 10-minute, 20-minute, 30-minute, and 60-minute instances which are obtained from experimental 1-minute rainfall amounts that are maintained by the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA). The effectiveness of the proposed approach is further analyzed for 38 and 75 GHz links which shows better prediction capability. Particularly, in an 18 GHz link under horizontal polarization, ITU-R P. 530-16 shows the relative error margin of 71%, 60%, and 38% where as 64%, 49%, and 42% were obtained under vertical polarization for 0.1%, 0.01%, and 0.001% of the time, respectively. The limitation of research lies on the experimental system that is set up in only one location; however, the preliminary results indicate the application of a suitable 1-minute rain attenuation model for a specific site. The method provides useful information for microwave engineers and researchers in making decisions over the choice of the most suitable rain attenuation prediction for terrestrial links operating in the South Korea region, particularly for lower frequency ranges.

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Rain attenuation predictions on terrestrial radio links: differential equations approach

Abdulrahman

Rahman

Rahim

et al. 2012

Trans. Emerging Tel. Tech.

Self Cite

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The results of rain attenuation on terrestrial microwave links in a tropical climate has been reported in this paper. The results are presented in the form of rate of change of attenuation with respect to rain rate, denoted by S.R %p /. This is in turn used for predicting the expected rain attenuation at any %p of the time rain rate is exceeded in any tropical location. The predictions of the proposed model have been validated using the data collected in six locations in Malaysia and experimental results reported in other tropical locations that have a similar rainfall regime. The Malaysian data consist of 1-year measured rain attenuation over six DIGI MINI-LINKs operating at 15 GHz, and rainfall rates measured with both 1-minute and 1-hour integration times at the respective locations. The validity of the proposed model is further validated by comparing its estimates with the method of ITU-R Radiocommunication Sector of ITU and two classical rain attenuation prediction models particularly developed for tropical regions.The test results have shown that the proposed method seems to be more accurate than the proposed method seems to be more accurate than ITU-R and the other two prediction models in Malaysia. The method could be used as an alternative approach for predicting rain attenuation over any terrestrial microwave links in Malaysia and similar tropical climates.

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Empirically Derived Path Reduction Factor for Terrestrial Microwave Links Operating at 15 Ghz in Peninsula Malaysia

Cited by 37 publications

References 10 publications

Rain attenuation and worst month statistics verification and modeling for 5G radio link system at 26 GHz in Malaysia

Rain attenuation and worst month statistics verification and modeling for 5G radio link system at 26 GHz in Malaysia

Rain Attenuation Study over an 18 GHz Terrestrial Microwave Link in South Korea

Rain attenuation predictions on terrestrial radio links: differential equations approach

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