Empirical K-shell ionization cross-sections of elements from 4Be to 92U by proton impact

K X-ray production by 3–4MeV proton impact on selected lanthanoids

“…Nevertheless, average calculations suggest it is better to use the eECPPShsR-UA model. The empirical fits published by Kahoul et al (2008), although simple to follow, gave no better results than the theoretical models. The increase in the number of experimental points can be employed for future compilations of X-ray or ionization cross sections, with the aim of obtaining improved reference values, at least with lower uncertainties than those quoted by Paul and Sacher (of the order of 10%).…”

“…3 displays these ratios, and it is seen that the eECPSShsR-UA values result in ratios closer to unity; calculating an average from all the experimental results from this work, this theory gives a mean ratio closer to unity than the other two. In particular, the predictions of the Kahoul et al (2008) fits result in larger deviations. Moreover, Fig.…”

“…2 shows as an example the results for Ce, compared with the ECPSSR, eECPSShsR-UA, and the direct MO theories, together with the empirical predictions of Kahoul et al (2008), other experimental data (Divoux et al, 1984), and the Paul and Sacher (1989) reference cross sections. The ECPSSR and eECPSShsR-UA values were obtained with the ISICS computer code (Cipolla, 2007).…”

“…Following a different approach, Kahoul et al (2008) fitted analytical expressions to all existing K-shell ionization cross sections, based on a scaling similar to that given by Johansson and Johansson in their ''classical'' work about PIXE (Johansson and Johansson, 1976). The cross sections are normalized through the K-shell electron binding energies of the target atom.…”

Hafnium to thorium M-shell X-ray production cross sections by proton impact

“…This fact can be exploited to compensate the deficiency of the experimental data for other elements of the same group. So, this element ( 79 Au) can be considered as "pilot element" (Kahoul, Nekkab, & Deghfel, 2008) in this Z-group and it can be served to calculate the empirical cross-sections for other elements. Also, it can be seen from Fig.…”