Empirical dietary inflammatory pattern and risk of metabolic syndrome and its components: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study

Abstract

BackgroundThe rising incidence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a major public health problem. The inflammatory potential of diet contributes to the development of MetS. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between empirical dietary inflammatory pattern (EDIP) and risk of MetS among the Tehranian population. Our hypothesis was that high EDIP would increase the risk of MetS and its components.MethodsIn this prospective study, 2216 adults were selected from among the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study participants. The usual dietary intakes were estimated using a valid and reliable food frequency questionnaire. Biochemical and anthropometric measurements were assessed at baseline and over 6.2 years of follow up. MetS components were defined according to the modified national Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III. The inflammatory potential of diet was calculated using EDIP score; more positive scores means higher pro-inflammatory diet. Adjusted logistic regression models were used to estimate the occurrence of MetS and its components across quartiles of EDIP score.ResultsMean ± SD for EDIP score was 0.61 ± 0.40 (range − 2.3 to 6.9). Participants with the highest EDIP scores, had a higher risk of MetS incidence compared to those with the lowest score (OR: 1.75, 95% CI 1.21–2.54, Ptrend = 0.003). Among the MetS components, hyperglycemia, abdominal obesity, and low HDL-C had a significant positive association with EDIP score; (OR: 1.46, 95% CI 1.03–2.08, Ptrend = 0.026), (OR: 1.43, 95% CI 1.03–1.97, Ptrend = 0.046), and (OR: 1.57, 95% CI 1.34–2.19, Ptrend = 0.015), respectively. No significant association was found between EDIP score, hypertension and hypertriglyceridemia.ConclusionOur finding indicated that higher intake of the pro-inflammatory diet may be an independent risk factor for the development of MetS, hyperglycemia, low HDL-C and abdominal obesity in Tehranian adults.

Association of Dietary and Lifestyle Inflammation Score With Metabolic Syndrome in a Sample of Iranian Adults

“…A longitudinal study on Australians showed that adherence to a proinflammatory diet was associated with an increase in hypertension during a period of 12 years (42). Moreover, several studies reported that a proinflammatory diet may be significantly associated with increased waist circumference and central obesity (36,43). In line with our findings, a cross-sectional study on Indonesian adults indicated that a more proinflammatory diet did not relate to lipid profiles such as triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (44).…”

“…It has been shown that dietary patterns with high intake of proinflammatory components such as refined starches, sugar, and saturated and trans fatty acids, and poor intake of antiinflammatory dietary components such as dietary antioxidants, fruits, vegetables, and whole grains may increase levels of inflammatory biomarkers and as a result, can increase the risk of MetS and coronary heart diseases (35). A population-based prospective cohort study in Iran found a strong positive association between empirical dietary inflammatory pattern score and the risk of developing MetS (36).…”

Dietary and lifestyle inflammatory scores and risk of incident diabetes: a prospective cohort among participants of Tehran lipid and glucose study

“…However, recently two studies have been conducted on the relationship of EDIP with diabetes risk [ 15 , 16 ]. Also, other epidemiological studies have assessed the association between these inflammatory indices and the risk of various chronic diseases such as metabolic syndrome, CVD risk factors, cancers, and IBD, where the reported findings are controversial [ 19 , 20 , 30 – 32 ]. Shakeri, Z et al investigated the relationship between EDIP and MetS and its component and found that a pro-inflammatory diet is a risk factor for the development of MetS, hyperglycemia, low HDL-C, and central obesity [ 19 ].…”

“…Also, other epidemiological studies have assessed the association between these inflammatory indices and the risk of various chronic diseases such as metabolic syndrome, CVD risk factors, cancers, and IBD, where the reported findings are controversial [ 19 , 20 , 30 – 32 ]. Shakeri, Z et al investigated the relationship between EDIP and MetS and its component and found that a pro-inflammatory diet is a risk factor for the development of MetS, hyperglycemia, low HDL-C, and central obesity [ 19 ]. Also, Soltani et al, In a cross-sectional study, observed that overweight/obese individuals with higher EDIP scores have an increased odds of unhealthy metabolic phenotype, high FBS, low-HDL-C, and lower waist circumference [ 20 ].…”

Association between novel dietary and lifestyle inflammation indices with risk of breast cancer (BrCa): a case–control study

“…In a large cohort study, Byrd et al reported higher risk for colorectal cancer in patients with a high scores of LIS and DIS [ 17 ]. Also, a limited number of other studies have shown a positive association between these inflammatory profiles (especially EDII) and an increased risk of some chronic diseases [ 20 – 22 ]. However, to our knowledge, there are no published studies regarding the relationship between these indices and BrCa.…”