Empirical analysis of factors in depressive cognition: The cognitive triad inventory

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the factor analytic evidence for the three components of Beck's cognitive triad (view of self, world, and future). Two hundred sixty college undergraduates participated in the study. Factor analytic results indicated that the three scales of the CTI generate five factors, which represent positively phrased “future” items, negatively phrased “future” items, positively phrased “world” items, negatively phrased “world” items, and positively phrased “self items”. The negatively phrased self items were distributed among the negatively phrased “world” and negatively phrased “future” factors. These findings partially support the utility of categorizing depressogenic cognitions into three constructs (self, world, and future) and also the notion that different cognitive operations or response styles may be elicited from positive vs. negative items.

Bridging the Gaps: An Attempt to Integrate Three Major Cognitive Depression Models

“…While the independence of the CTI scales could have been expected based on previous results about the factor structure of the CTI (Anderson and Skidmore 1995;McIntosh and Fischer 2000;Pössel 2009b), it is somewhat unexpected that the elimination of the positive CTI scales improved the model fit. Thus, in Study 2 models with and without positive CTI scales will be compared.…”

“…Second, considering the unstable factor structure of the CTI, highlighted by the fact that three different factor structures were found in the only three empirical studies researching the factor structure of the CTI (Anderson and Skidmore 1995;McIntosh and Fischer 2000;Pössel 2009b), the six CTI scales found in the German evaluation study of the CTI were treated as distinguishable constructs. This improved not only the goodness-of-fit and parsimony of the measurement model, v 2 (183, N = 588) = 686.62, P \ .001, v 2 /df = 3.75, CFI (.913), RMSEA (.068), AIC (968.62), but this model fits the data even better than the original measurement model, Dv 2 (27, N = 588) = 213.62, P \ .001.…”

Psychometric properties of the Polish version of the Cognitive Triad Inventory (CTI). A preliminary study.

“…Furthermore, explanatory factor analysis revealed that the one-factor model is the most suitable for psychological interpretation. These results are very similar to those reported from other studies, all of which failed to confirm the three-factor model [16]; [17]. Haaga et al [4] stated that the division into self, world, and future is an unwieldy taxonomy with highly overlapping categories.…”

“…They suggested that it would be reasonable to label that one CTI factor "Self-Relevant Negative Attitude." [17] However, even though Anderson and Skidmore [16] and Pössel [14] could not confirm the three-factor model either, they showed the sixfactor model to fit the data better than the other models. The above-mentioned authors concluded that their studies confirmed Beck's three-factor model, with item phrasing (negative vs. positive) being a significant variable influencing the factor structure.…”

Cognitive Triad Inventory for Children: Adaptation and psychometric properties

“…Com o objetivo de construir um instrumento de avaliação sistemática da tríade cognitiva, Beckham et al (1986) (Anderson & Skidmore, 1995).…”