Empiric risk of prostate carcinoma for relatives of patients with prostate carcinoma

Abstract

BACKGROUND Although narrative reviews have concluded that there is strong support for familial clustering of prostate carcinoma, the association has never systematically been quantified in reviews. The purpose of this meta–analysis was to summarize and quantify the recurrence risk ratio with emphasis on the degree of relation, the specific relationship of the family member, the number of affected family members, and the age at diagnosis. METHODS Publications were identified through computerized database searches for epidemiologic studies published up to December 2002. In addition, references cited in original and review papers were examined. Three blinded reviewers extracted both qualitative and quantitative information from each paper. Using random effects meta–regression analyses, the authors calculated summary recurrence risk ratios (Sλ). The reviewers also evaluated changes in Sλ according to differences in study methodology. RESULTS Thirty–three epidemiologic studies were included in the current review. Sλ was 2.53 (95% confidence interval, 2.24–2.85) for first–degree family members. Sλ appeared to be greater for men with an affected brother than for men with an affected father. Sλ for men who had second–degree relatives with prostate carcinoma was only slightly elevated. The nature of the familial clustering is such that Sλ increases with decreasing age of the patient and family members, with increasing genetic relatedness of the affected relative, and with increasing number of individuals affected within a family. CONCLUSIONS The studies that were reviewed consistently demonstrate that family history is a significant risk factor for development of prostate carcinoma. Cancer 2003;97:1894–903. © 2003 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.11262

Patterns of prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) testing in Australian men: the influence of family history

“…Results are presented as frequencies, regression coeffi cients or odds ratios (ORs) with 95% CIs (mean differences reported for group comparisons). All analyses adjusted for potential confounding effects of age and geographical location 3 . Table 1 contains demographic information for FDRs and PMs.…”

“…Men with a fi rst-degree family history of prostate cancer are at more than double the risk of being diagnosed than men without a family history [ 2,3 ] , although the clinical course is similar for both groups [ 4 ] . Current guidelines on the use of PSA testing for the early detection of prostate cancer recommend that men considering testing should make an informed decision about testing with their health practitioner, taking into account family history [ 5 -12 ] ; with one organisation advising that men with a family history consider testing after the age of 40 years [ 5 ] .…”

Epidemiology of Prostate Cancer

“…The majority (64%) of early onset prostate cancer cases reported a family history of this disease and more than 40% having a confirmed first degree affected relatives of prostate cancer (Lange et al, 2012). Zeegers et al (2003) conducted a meta-analysis based on 33 epidemiologic studies. They found that the risk of developing prostate cancer was almost three times higher for men with affected brothers and father of prostate cancer.…”

The role of BRCA1 and BRCA2 in prostate cancer

“…Higher risks have been shown for men with two or more affected relatives. [4][5][6][7][37][38][39][40] This increase is too great to be explained by non-genetic factors alone. Analyses based on the Nordic twin registries have found higher risks in monozygotic than dizygotic twins, supporting the hypothesis that much of this familial aggregation is due to genetic factors (42%), rather than shared lifestyle factors.…”