Emphasis on Occupancy Rates in Carbon Emission Comparison for Maritime and Road Passenger Transportation Modes

Abstract

Carbon emissions generated by the transportation sector represent a large part of total greenhouse gas emissions and are thus subject to various policies and initiatives for emission reduction and the development of sustainable transportation networks. Furthermore, passenger transportation generates a significant amount of emissions within this sector, especially in those countries with large and developed tourist sectors. Examples of such countries are Italy and Croatia, located in the Adriatic region, with a large portion of passengers between them being transported utilizing mainly maritime and/or road transportation modes. A proper analysis of the impact of these transportation mode choices on carbon emissions is essential to enable the selection of the optimal transportation mode for the particular transportation route with respect to the generated emissions. Therefore, this study determines the carbon emissions of the maritime and/or road transportation modes on the existing cross-border passenger transportation routes between Italy and Croatia. For the analysis, the Adriatic region was divided into three sections—the Northern, Middle, and Southern regions—each characterized by specific transportation routes defined by geographical features and distances. The results obtained from this research are presented as total carbon emissions for each transportation mode separately, based on each of three chosen routes in different regions. In addition, a carbon emission comparison between each transportation mode in regard to occupancy rate is performed and presented separately for each chosen route based on its specific distances, transportation means, and features. Finally, by providing an analysis of the existing state, this study can serve as a basis for Italy–Croatia cross-border passenger mobility network modernization and the introduction of new, sustainable, and multimodal transportation routes.

County carbon emissions in the Yangtze River Delta region: Spatial layout, dynamic evolution and spatial spillover effects

“…To further understand the change mechanism of carbon emissions, some scholars began to explore the influencing factors of carbon emissions, and the studies involved the influencing factors mainly include economic growth, population size, industrial structure, gross national income, environmental quality, technological progress, and urbanization level (Xu et al, 2014;Shi et al, 2019;Meng et al, 2018;Li et al, 2011), and some studies further analyzed the spatial spillover effects of the influencing factors on carbon emissions (Xin et al, 2018;Gong et al, 2022). Theoretical studies are the basis of practical studies, and some scholars focus on the strong industry characteristics of carbon emissions, so they have gradually launched studies on carbon emissions from transportation (Xie et al, 2017;Zhu et al, 2020;Dujmovic et al, 2022), agriculture (Ali et al, 2022;Huang and Gao, 2022), aviation (Han et al, 2022), construction (Du et al, 2021;Du et al, 2022), logistics (Zhang Y. et al, 2021), and tourism. Further, related scholars have incorporated the topic of carbon reduction into the analysis of specific regional issues in order to improve the practical application value, and the carbon emission problems of some special regions have been widely studied, such as river basins (Sun et al, 2021;Wang et al, 2021), large cities (Qian et al, 2022), industrial cities (Zhang C. et al, 2021), urban agglomerations (Cui et al, 2020), metropolitan areas (Benjamin and Marilyn, 2009;Thomas, 2013), rural areas (Zhang et al, 2014), ports (Gian et al, 2020), etc.…”

Sustainable development goals perspective: nexus between Christians’ religious tourism, geopolitical risk, and CO2 pollution in Italy

“…From an FDI perspective, it is clear that foreign companies are not fully aligned with the UN’s sustainable goals and not using the new energy solutions in the country, while in TEC’s perspective the Italian government should come up with green solutions and new laws to protect the environment and reduce CO 2 pollution levels in the country. In other countries, Dujmović et al ( 2022 ), Muhammad et al ( 2021 ), Khan and Ahmad ( 2021 ), Nasreen et al ( 2020 ), Mishra et al ( 2020 ), and Baloch and Suad ( 2018 ) have drawn the same findings. In conclusion, our diagnostic tests confirm the perfectness of our model.…”

“…The findings of the dynamic common correlated effect indicate that renewable energy, transport services, agriculture, forestry, fisheries, and economic growth have a substantial and favorable impact on tourism. The study by Dujmović et al ( 2022 ) identifies CO 2 pollution from maritime and road transportation on the existing cross-border passenger transportation routes between Italy and Croatia—the results presented as total CO 2 pollution for each method of TEC. The analysis provides a foundation for renovating the transportation network between Italy and Croatia and introducing new, sustainable, multimodal transportation routes.…”

Comparison of Maritime and Road Transportations in Emissions Perspective: A Review Article

“…In a study by Dujmovic et al (2022), carbon emissions comparisons were made between maritime and road transport on selected routes between Italy and Croatia in the Adriatic regions. The selected routes were Venice-Pula-Poreč (R1), Ancona-Zadar (R2), and Bari-Dubrovnik (R3).…”

“…Table 5 below shows the on-read and on-sea distance of each route. The occupancy rate and passenger demand are recipes for an optimal transportation mode choice in terms of carbon emission efficiency (Dujmovic et al, 2022). In another study by (Vallejo-Pinto et al, 2019) the need to focus on the main objective of a possible reduction in global greenhouse gas emissions as against a mere mode shift was emphasized.…”