As for present, over 90 percent of world trade is carried out via seas by 90,000 vessels. Like all modes of transportation that use fossil fuels, ship emissions significantly contribute to global climate change and acidification. In this aspect, the shipping industry is responsible for a significant proportion of the global climate change. According to data of International Maritime Organization (IMO), more than 3% of global carbon dioxide emissions can be attributed to ocean-going ships. Furthermore, in European coastal areas, shipping emissions contribute to 1-7% of ambient air PM10 levels, 1-14% of PM2.5, and at least 11% of PM1. Strait of Istanbul is the unique waterway between Black Sea countries and the rest of the world. As a result of intensive international maritime traffic through the strait and approaches, it is a serious emission factor for the city. Studies have shown that ship emissions cause 4500 deaths per year in the Marmara region. In this study, it is discussed whether international maritime traffic is an effective factor on PM10 emissions by comparing number of passing ships from the Strait of Istanbul and PM10 values. For this purpose, PM10 averages obtained from four different meteorological stations in the region have been compared with the monthly number of ships pass through the strait between 2014 and 2018. Obtained results have examined with descriptive statistics and exploratory data analysis.
The international maritime organization (IMO) in its attempt to avert a global environmental crisis continues to provide policies to mitigate anthropogenic emissions from the transport industry. The greenhouse gas emissions from the transport industry are relatively large, alarming, and continue to raise. Therefore, it is the focal point for the fight against global warming. This article centers on transport emissions from transportation modes with a particular focus on ocean-going vessels and road vehicles. The aim is to conduct a literature review that beams a search on emissions comparison between marine vessels and general road vehicles as a means to support a modal shift from an environmental perspective. Thus, it is aimed to create a source for future studies and to contribute to the literature. For this purpose, X articles published between 2012-2022 were reached with the keywords "ship emissions", "road emissions", "GHG emissions" and "environmental sustainability", and 7 articles focusing on ship and road transportation were filtered out of them. Obtained results support the conclusion that ships contribute relatively little to the transport emissions footprint, given the enormous volume of cargo carried. In other words, environmental sustainability can be achieved through a possible modal shift from road transport to ship transport.
In the Strait of Istanbul, which is one of the most perilous natural waterways of the World, many marine accidents have occurred throughout the history. Some of these accidents resulted in deaths, financial losses, and environmental disasters. The fact that a significant proportion of the ships passing the Strait are tanker carrying hazardous cargo further increases this danger. Especially the increasing size of the ships, the increase in the cost of the for transported and the transportation of dangerous cargoes, especially oil and derivatives, to a great extent by sea, made the possible consequences of the accidents even more catastrophic. For this reason, many regulatory measures have been taken regarding the Sea Traffic in Istanbul, Çanakkale Straits and Marmara Sea, which have been named as the “Turkish Straits System” in recent years, and these measures have been collected under the Turkish Straits Vessel Traffic Service, which is briefly defined as TBGTH. Within the scope of this study, maritime accidents in the Strait of Istanbul have been examined chronologically in terms of the number of ships passing and maritime traffic regulations. The effects of the applications implemented after 2003, when Istanbul VTS started its operations, on the safety of navigation have been investigated. In this way, it is aimed to demonstrate the effect of the Vessel Traffic Services and related regulations on the improvement in the rate of marine accidents. The numerical determination of the relationship between the number of passing ships and the number of accidents in the Strait can be used as a statistically significant criterion for the realization of new regulations depending on the maritime traffic volume in the coming years.
In this study, maritime accidents that occurred in the Strait of Istanbul over a 10-year period were evaluated in terms of ship-based risk factors. The frequency analysis was performed using the R - Studio program language. In this context, the accident data obtained from the Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure Main Search and Rescue Coordination Center were matched with the ship information accessed from Türk Loydu database. Thus, ship origin risk factors to be used within the scope of the study were determined and 10 different criteria were included in the analysis. These are ship length, ship breadth, ship draught, ship age, ship DWT, turning point, turning radius, L/B ratio, B/T ratio and number of propellers. The process of creating a data set was completed by spatially filtering the data and classifying of the ship-based causes accidents. The variables were examined with frequency analysis in the perspective of the Law of Large Numbers. With the results obtained, optimum characteristics based on ship origin risk factors have been revealed for each ship type that will pass through the Strait.
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