Empathy and Fairness: Psychological Mechanisms for Eliciting and Maintaining Prosociality and Cooperation in Primates

Yamamoto, Shinya; Takimoto, Ayaka

doi:10.1007/s11211-012-0160-0

Cited by 68 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 111 publications

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“…If not, then which neurobiological or cognitive limitations underlie the lack of attention to equality of opportunity? Given recent advances in research on primate prosocial behaviors and their neural underpinnings Yamamoto and Takimoto, 2012), we might be able to answer this question in the near future.…”

Section: Equality Of Outcome Vs Equality Of Opportunity: Possible DImentioning

confidence: 99%

The neural bases for valuing social equality

Aoki¹,

Yomogida²,

Matsumoto³

2015

Neuroscience Research

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Section: Equality Of Outcome Vs Equality Of Opportunity: Possible DImentioning

confidence: 99%

The neural bases for valuing social equality

Aoki¹,

Yomogida²,

Matsumoto³

2015

Neuroscience Research

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“…Nonetheless, some authors believe that empathy for other's distress could be a source of altruistic actions (e.g. Yamamoto & Takimoto, ) and have attempted to show that in animals.…”

Section: Affective Processes Modulated By Bondingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct reciprocity in animals: The roles of bonding and affective processes

2015

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The presence of direct reciprocity in animals is a debated topic, because, despite its evolutionary plausibility, it is believed to be uncommon. Some authors claim that stable reciprocal exchanges require sophisticated cognition which has acted as a constraint on its evolution across species. In contrast, a more recent trend of research has focused on the possibility that direct reciprocity occurs within long-term bonds and relies on simple as well as more complex affective mechanisms such as emotional book-keeping, rudimentary and higher forms of empathy, and inequity aversion, among others. First, we present evidence supporting the occurrence of long-term reciprocity in the context of existing bonds in social birds and mammals. Second, we discuss the evidence for affective responses which, modulated by bonding, may underlie altruistic behaviours in different species. We conclude that the mechanisms that may underlie reciprocal exchanges are diverse, and that some act in interaction with bonding processes. From simple associative learning in social contexts, through emotional contagion and behavioural mimicry, to empathy and a sense of fairness, widespread and diverse social affective mechanisms may explain why direct reciprocity may not be a rare phenomenon among social vertebrates.

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“…Inequity aversion might stabilize cooperation by incentivizing individuals to reject inequitable offers made by their partners in favor of other alternatives [24], [25]. If chimpanzees are averse to inequity then this points to preferences that are sensitive to payoffs obtained by others.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Task Design Influences Prosociality in Captive Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)

et al. 2014

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Chimpanzees confer benefits on group members, both in the wild and in captive populations. Experimental studies of how animals allocate resources can provide useful insights about the motivations underlying prosocial behavior, and understanding the relationship between task design and prosocial behavior provides an important foundation for future research exploring these animals' social preferences. A number of studies have been designed to assess chimpanzees' preferences for outcomes that benefit others (prosocial preferences), but these studies vary greatly in both the results obtained and the methods used, and in most cases employ procedures that reduce critical features of naturalistic social interactions, such as partner choice. The focus of the current study is on understanding the link between experimental methodology and prosocial behavior in captive chimpanzees, rather than on describing these animals' social motivations themselves. We introduce a task design that avoids isolating subjects and allows them to freely decide whether to participate in the experiment. We explore key elements of the methods utilized in previous experiments in an effort to evaluate two possibilities that have been offered to explain why different experimental designs produce different results: (a) chimpanzees are less likely to deliver food to others when they obtain food for themselves, and (b) evidence of prosociality may be obscured by more “complex” experimental apparatuses (e.g., those including more components or alternative choices). Our results suggest that the complexity of laboratory tasks may generate observed variation in prosocial behavior in laboratory experiments, and highlights the need for more naturalistic research designs while also providing one example of such a paradigm.

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Empathy and Fairness: Psychological Mechanisms for Eliciting and Maintaining Prosociality and Cooperation in Primates

Cited by 68 publications

References 111 publications

The neural bases for valuing social equality

The neural bases for valuing social equality

Direct reciprocity in animals: The roles of bonding and affective processes

Task Design Influences Prosociality in Captive Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)

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