“…In contrast, when equal proportion of congruent and incongruent trials has been used, it is difficult to draw clear conclusions on which valence is prioritized as studies vary on important methodological aspects. Namely, although in all studies participants respond based on the emotion of the target-word (Stenberg et al, 1998;Haas, Omura, Constable & Canli, 2006;Zhu, Zhang, Wu, Luo, & Luo, 2010;Strand, Oram, & Hammar, 2013), sometimes the evaluation entails an identity match between the emotion of the target and that of the distractor such as when the label "happy" or labels related to happiness (i.e., joyful) are presented on a happy distractor-face (e.g., Ektin, Egner, Peraza, Kandel, & Hirsch, 2006;Egner, Ektin, Gale, & Hirsch, 2008;Zhu et al, 2010;Strand et al, 2013;Chechko, Augustin, Zvyagintsev, Schneider, Habel, & Kellermann, 2013;Yang, Wang, Yin, Zhao, Tan, & Chen, 2016;Kohn, Hermans & Fernández, 2017;Fernandes, Garcia-Marques, Prada & Martins, 2019). Other times, positive or negative target-words are presented with positive (happy) or negative faces (sad, afraid or angry) and participants assess whether the target-word denotes something good/positive or bad/negative (e.g., Stenberg et al, 1998;Haas et al, 2006;Beall & Herbert, 2008;Hu, Liu, Weng, & Northoff, 2012;Strand et al, 2013).…”