Emotional distress and satisfaction in life among Holocaust survivors – a community study of survivors and controls

Carmil, Devora; Carel, Rafael S.

doi:10.1017/s0033291700002580

Cited by 49 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…While some studies on Holocaust survivors suggest that PTSD symptoms are more frequent in men (Landau & Litwin, 2000;Nadler & Ben-Shushan, 1989;Danieli, 1981b), others report either higher PTSD prevalence rates in women (Levav & Abramson, 1984;Carmil & Carel, 1986;Eaton et al, 1982) or no gender differences in this respect (Brodaty et al, 2004). A meta-analysis of risk factors for PTSD showed that PTSD was related to the following variables (in descending order): perceived lack of social support, occurrence of other traumatic events during one's lifetime, trauma severity, difficult childhood, and low IQ (Brewin, Andrews, & Valentine, 2000).…”

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confidence: 99%

Late Effects of Trauma: PTSD in Holocaust Survivors

Prot

2009

Journal of Loss and Trauma

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Participants in this study were Jewish Holocaust survivors (N ¼ 89) divided into groups depending on the type of trauma they had experienced. As compared to the control group, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms were clearly more persistent in the trauma group. The most salient PTSD symptoms (primarily avoidance and increased arousal) were noted in those who survived hiding on the ''Aryan side.'' Men were more at risk for reexperiencing trauma than women, who were more prone to avoidance or numbing of general responsiveness. The study confirms hypotheses regarding negative effects of early trauma exposure. The results show that particular PTSD dimensions are interrelated; namely, there is a highly significant correlation between avoidance and reexperiencing trauma on one hand and increased arousal on the other. No relationship was found between PTSD severity and either prewar personality traits or prewar social experiences.

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confidence: 99%

Late Effects of Trauma: PTSD in Holocaust Survivors

Prot

2009

Journal of Loss and Trauma

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“…This concept refers to the individual's overall evaluation of life and serves as a crude indicator of mental health or positive terms such as life satisfaction and happiness (Shmotkin, 2003). While survivors have reported a lower SWB, on average, than that of comparison respondents in some studies (Antonovsky, Maoz, Dowty, & Wijsenbeek, 1971), other studies report that survivors did not differ from those of the comparisons (e.g., Carmil & Carel, 1986;Landau & Litwin, 2000). Further research is needed to clarify the association between memory traces of early traumatic events and SWB among survivors in late life.…”

Section: Sense Of Coherence and Subjective Well-being In Holocaust Sumentioning

confidence: 93%

Memories of Holocaust-related traumatic experiences, sense of coherence, and survivors' subjective well-being in late life: some puzzling findings

Zeidner

Aharoni-David

2014

Anxiety, Stress, & Coping

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The results of the present study provide support for Antonovsky's salutogenic perspective. It is highly plausible that survivors who underwent severe experiences during the Holocaust period were forced to call upon all their inner strengths and coping resources,and that their success in doing so and also surviving this horrendous period, might have contributed to the development of a stronger sense of meaning and coherence, which, in turn lead to a better sense of mental health as they approach the final season of their lives.

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“…Complicated silences take on a special meaning in the process of traumatic, chronic grieving documented in the research of Holocaust and war survivors (Danieli, 1981;1982;Carmil and Carel, 1986;Davidson, 1980;Dasberg, 1987;Grünberg and Markert, 2012). In the face of trauma, the cessation of speech as dead-like is contrasted by disintegration of language into sounds such as screams and sighs.…”

Section: Profound Trauma and Analytic Silencementioning

confidence: 99%

Silence as the Voice of Trauma

Ritter¹

2014

Am J Psychoanal

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Silence is a key to the unspoken world of the patient. Rather than interpreting silence as a defensive maneuver, the analyst may understand this disruption as a royal road to the patient's traumatic experiences. The author proposes to recognize traumatic silences in the analytic process and the transference as a re-experiencing of past, unpredictable traumatic affective states and memories. Silences in this context are both a repeat of a disconnecting experience as well as a manifestation of a silencing identification with the original silencer. The clinical material illustrates effects of a German mother's World War II (WWII) personal traumata and collective shame-based silence on her daughter's self and good object development. In the daughter's analysis, the patient and the analyst, who herself experienced similar WWII traumata, face the pain of trauma recovery and un-silencing. The author suggests that the deadening effect of past traumata may be reversed by an analytic process of re-membering and re-speaking for both the patient and analyst. This allows for a more transparent, subjective experience in the transference and a verbal integration of ego functions.

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Emotional distress and satisfaction in life among Holocaust survivors – a community study of survivors and controls

Cited by 49 publications

References 13 publications

Late Effects of Trauma: PTSD in Holocaust Survivors

Late Effects of Trauma: PTSD in Holocaust Survivors

Memories of Holocaust-related traumatic experiences, sense of coherence, and survivors' subjective well-being in late life: some puzzling findings

Silence as the Voice of Trauma

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