Emotion Expressions and Personality Integration in Infancy

Izard, Carroll E.; Buechler, Sandra

doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-2892-6_16

Cited by 23 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…In some cases, only some of the components are involved in the experience of fear (Rachman, 1978). However, all the traditional components of emotion need to be taken into account because they could all potentially play a role in the perception and expression of fear (Izard & Buechler, 1979;Kleinginna Jr & Kleinginna, 1981). Kleinginna Jr and Kleinginna (1981) claim that 'a formal definition of emotion should be broad enough to include all traditionally significant aspects of emotion' (p. 335).…”

Section: Fearmentioning

confidence: 99%

‘Scary … but I like it!’ Young tourists' perceptions of fear on holiday

Mura

2010

Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change

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This paper explores young tourists' perceptions of fear on holiday. The work on which this paper is based is important because it sheds light on tourists' emotional experiences on holiday, which are central to increase our understanding of tourist behaviour. The importance of investigating perceptions of fear has been recognized within a number of different disciplines, such as psychology, sociology, criminology, and marketing. Indeed, it has been argued that fear may provide significant information concerning an individual's motivations, preferences, and patterns of behaviour. Despite this, perceptions of fear within the tourism experience have remained relatively unexplored. It is often assumed that perceptions of safety and security may influence individuals' destination choice. However, there is a paucity of studies concerning tourists' perceptions of fear during the tourism experience. This paper is based on three months of qualitative fieldwork conducted on the island of Ios, Greece in the summer of 2007. More specifically, participant observation and semi-structured interviews were methods employed for data collection to explore young tourists' perceptions of fear. The possibility to develop a rapport and build a relationship with young tourists on Ios was crucial to collect valuable information concerning tourists' background, their emotions, expectations, perceptions, and the context in which perceptions of fear were experienced and expressed. The study found that most holidaymakers on Ios participated in activities perceived as risky in order to experience fear. In this respect, young tourists deliberately sought fear and thrill to increase their levels of pleasure and enjoyment during the tourism experience. The results suggest that fear may play a positive role in the tourism experience of young tourists, which should no longer be ignored by tourism scholars.

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Section: Fearmentioning

confidence: 99%

‘Scary … but I like it!’ Young tourists' perceptions of fear on holiday

Mura

2010

Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change

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“…Fear is considered by most emotion theorists as a basic emotion in humans (e.g., [5, 6]). As such, fear would develop on the basis of an innate emotional program that coordinates the different facets of the organism response (e.g., expressive, physiological, or behavioural responses) when confronted with an identified threat.…”

Section: The Definition Of Anxiety and Related Conceptsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hence the phylogeny would bring along a number of such action tendencies, organizing, for instance, defence and attack, protection, attention orientation, or inhibition. According to Frijda [10, page 409], the basic emotions in human, such as those proposed by Darwin [13], Tomkins [14], or Izard [6], are the reflection of these action tendencies inherited from the phylogeny. Of course, as it is the case for facial expression, these innate programs could be modulated and accommodated through learning.…”

Section: The Facets Of Anxiety As An Emotional Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

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Anxiety from a Phylogenetic Perspective: Is there a Qualitative Difference between Human and Animal Anxiety?

Belzung

Philippot

2007

Neural Plasticity

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A phylogenetic approach to anxiety is proposed. The different facets of human anxiety and their presence at different levels of the phylum are examined. All organisms, including unicellular such as protozoan, can display a specific reaction to danger. The mechanisms enabling the appraisal of harmful stimuli are fully present in insects. In higher invertebrates, fear is associated with a specific physiological response. In mammals, anxiety is accompanied by specific cognitive responses. The expression of emotions diversifies in higher vertebrates, only primates displaying facial expressions. Finally, autonoetic consciousness, a feature essential for human anxiety, appears only in great apes. This evolutive feature parallels the progress in the complexity of the logistic systems supporting it (e.g., the vegetative and central nervous systems). The ability to assess one's coping potential, the diversification of the anxiety responses, and autonoetic consciousness seem relevant markers in a phylogenetic perspective.

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“…An alternative model is that emotional states are discrete states that are preprogrammed in some sense and need no further differentiation (Izard, 1978;Izard & Buechler, 1979). They exist at birth, even though they may not emerge until a later point in development.…”

Section: Emotional Receptorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

What Develops in Emotional Development?

Mascolo¹,

Griffin²

1998

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ForewordThe problem of development is central in the study of emotional life for two basic reasons. First, emotional life so clearly changes (dramatically in the early years) with new emotional reactions emerging against the backdrop of an increasing sensitivity to context and with self-regulation of emotion emerging from a striking dependence on regulatory assistance from caregivers. Such changes demand developmental analysis. At the same time, understanding such profound changes will surely inform our understanding of the nature of development more generally. The complexity of emotional change, when grasped, will reveal the elusive nature of development itself.At the outset, we know that development is complex. We must take seriously what is present at any given phase, including the newborn period, because a developmental analysis disallows something emerging from nothing. Still, it is equally nondevelopmental to posit that new forms of new processes were simply present in their precursors. Rather, development is characterized by transformations in which more complex structures and organization "emerge" from new integration of prior components and new capacities. These new forms and organizations cannot be specified from prior conditions but are due to transactions of the evolving organism with its environment over time. They are not simply in the genome, and they are not simply conditioned by the environment. They are the result of the developmental process. Thus, positing a simple differentiation mechanism, in which mature forms simply "come out of" earlier forms, without specifying the nature of the interactive process is not adequate; nor is a position in which mature forms are assumed to have always been present.Development, then, implies increasing complexity and organization, often accompanied by a more precise coordination of components and a more precise coordination between organism and environment. There are distinctive patterns of infant-environment transaction, even in the newborn. These set the stage for later processes involving subjective engagement, evaluation, and (ultimately) represented subjectivity. It is differentiation in this sense, not ix X Foreword in the sense of more differentiated components only, that defines a developmental analysis. Yet understanding and specifying this type of developmental change is extraordinarily challenging.The authors in this volume grapple with this complexity from many points of view, with varying emphases that sometimes seem difficult to integrate; yet integration remains the goal of all. Emotional development includes the emergence of specific affects, the growth of emotional regulation, and the increasing integration of emotion with social and cognitive development. It also includes changes in experience and changes in the narratives children and others construct of these experiences. It is all of this and more. Each of these aspects of emotional development is taken up by one contributor or another, in the knowledge that greater understanding of these...

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Emotion Expressions and Personality Integration in Infancy

Cited by 23 publications

References 62 publications

‘Scary … but I like it!’ Young tourists' perceptions of fear on holiday

‘Scary … but I like it!’ Young tourists' perceptions of fear on holiday

Anxiety from a Phylogenetic Perspective: Is there a Qualitative Difference between Human and Animal Anxiety?

What Develops in Emotional Development?

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