Emotion Dysregulation Across Emotion Systems in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Abstract

Objective. Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) display alterations in both emotion reactivity and regulation. One mechanism underlying such alternations may be reduced coherence among emotion systems (i.e., autonomic, facial affect). The present study sought to examine this. Method. 100 children (50 with ADHD combined presentation), aged 7 to 11 years (62% male, 78% White), completed an emotion induction and suppression task. This task was coded for facial affect behavior across both negative and positive emotion eliciting task conditions. Electrocardiogram and impedance cardiography data were acquired throughout the task. Time-linked coherence of facial affect behavior and autonomic reactivity and regulation were examined during the induction conditions using Hierarchical Linear Modeling. Results. While ADHD and typically developing children did not differ with respect to rates of facial affect behavior displayed (all F<2.09, p> .29), the ADHD group exhibited reduced coherence between facial affect behavior and an index of parasympathetic functioning (i.e., respiratory sinus arrhythmia [RSA]; γ10=−0.03, SE=0.02, t(138)=−1.96, p=0.05). In contrast, children in the control group displayed a significant, positive (γ10=0.06, SE=0.01, t(138)=4.07, p< .001) association between facial affect behavior and RSA. Conclusions. Children with ADHD may receive conflicting emotional signals at the levels of facial affective behavior and parasympathetic functioning when compared to typically developing youth. Weakened coherence among these emotion systems may be an underlying mechanism of emotion dysregulation in ADHD. Implications for etiology and treatment are discussed.

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Exploring autonomic regulation in children with ADHD with and without comorbid anxiety disorder through three systematic levels of cardiac vagal control analysis: Rest, reactivity, and recovery

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