Performing musicians face the question of how to best achieve an expressive performance. Should they, for instance, feel the emotions present in the music, or should they rather rely on the use of appropriate technical means, such as tempo, dynamics, articulation, and timbre? Moreover, does their focus have an effect on the characteristics and perception of their performances? The research compiled in this thesis investigates the role of performers' experienced emotions in practice and performance, as well as the effect of performers' focus on the sound, movement, and perception of their performances. To this end, five studies were conducted encompassing a range of research methods.Study I revealed that performers' emotions involved in the practice process consist of both perceived and felt emotions, the latter further subdivided into music-related and practice-related emotions. Importantly, the prevalence of performers' experienced emotions was found to change over the duration of the practice process. Studies II and III revealed that a focus on technique, expressivity, or felt emotions results in different movement and auditory performance characteristics. Study IV revealed that audience members preferred expressive performances to technical and emotional ones, but rated emotional performances as being most expressive of the intended emotion. Study V revealed that performers' emotions involved in the performance process consist of both performance-related and music-related emotions, the latter detailing a complex relationship between the performer and the music. Expressive and emotional playing were conceptualised differently. On stage, performers aimed for expressive playing rather than for emotional playing.These findings indicate that performers' experienced emotions play a role in the practice and performance process of an expressive performance. In addition, they reveal that a performer's focus has a significant effect on both performance characteristics and audience perception. The research compiled in this thesis supports the validity of distinguishing between emotional and expressive playing, and is valuable for both research and artistic practice and pedagogy.Keywords: performing musicians, felt emotions, expressive performance, performers' movements, audio features, audience perception
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSFrom 2009 to 2013 I have had the privilege of being a doctoral student of the Finnish Centre of Excellence in Interdisciplinary Music Research. The Centre of Excellence provided the funding and infrastructure that made this research possible. Despite the endless winters, difficult language, and location far away from the rest of the world, I could not have wished for a warmer, more inspiring, or more supportive work environment. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the wonderful people I have been able to learn from and work with, and who have been invaluable for the realisation of this doctoral thesis. First I would like to thank my supervisor, Geoff Luck, for the support throughout my doc...