Emissions of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Natural Gas Extraction into Air

Paulik, L. Blair; Donald, Carey E.; Smith, Brian; Tidwell, Lane G.; Hobbie, Kevin A.; Kincl, Laurel; Haynes, Erin N.; Anderson, Kim A.

doi:10.1021/acs.est.6b02762

Cited by 53 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Phenanthrene levels at RM12 were twice as high as the highest ). Σ 60 PAH concentrations were 33 times higher at RM 12 than in a study where LDPE was employed to sample air within a tenth of a mile of hydraulic fracturing natural gas well pads (Paulik et al, 2016a). It is not surprising that PAH concentrations in the PHSM are higher than near natural gas extraction in rural areas of Ohio, where overall background PAH concentrations may be lower.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 71%

“…This suggests that while U.S. interstate 5 does likely produce significant PAH pollution it is not the only major source contributing vapor phase PAHs to the PHSM. In Paulik et al, 2016 PAH isomer ratios suggested that PAH mixtures showed a predominantly petrogenic signature, which is consistent with PAHs coming from fugitive emissions during natural gas extraction activities (Paulik et al, 2016a). In contrast, PAHs detected at RM 12 showed evidence of more pyrogenic or mixed signatures, suggesting these PAHs may come from tail pipe exhaust from the highway overpass, boat and barge traffic on the river, or from industrial practices (supplementary information Figure S2).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 74%

“…PAH and OPAH flux were then compared, within and outside of the PHSM. Annual flux was estimated for the PHSM, and compared with the measured annual flux measured along the Louisiana coast during the Deepwater Horizon incident (Paulik et al, 2016a). Human health risk assessment (HHRA) was performed for PAH inhalation, and for dermal exposure to water in and around the PHSM.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Air-water exchange of PAHs and OPAHs at a superfund mega-site

Tidwell

Paulik

Anderson

2017

Science of The Total Environment

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Chemical fate is a concern at environmentally contaminated sites, but characterizing that fate can be difficult. Identifying and quantifying the movement of chemicals at the air-water interface are important steps in characterizing chemical fate. Superfund sites are often suspected sources of air pollution due to legacy sediment and water contamination. A quantitative assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and oxygenated PAH (OPAHs) diffusive flux in a river system that contains a Superfund Mega-site, and passes through residential, urban and agricultural land, has not been reported before. Here, passive sampling devices (PSDs) were used to measure 60 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and 22 oxygenated PAH (OPAHs) in air and water. From these concentrations the magnitude and direction of contaminant flux between these two compartments was calculated. The magnitude of PAH flux was greater at sites near or within the Superfund Mega-site than outside of the Superfund Mega-site. The largest net individual PAH deposition at a single site was naphthalene at a rate of −14,200 (±5780) (ng/m2)/day. The estimated one-year total flux of phenanthrene was −7.9 ×105 (ng/m2)/year. Human health risk associated with inhalation of vapor phase PAHs and dermal exposure to PAHs in water were assessed by calculating benzo[a]pyrene equivalent concentrations. Excess lifetime cancer risk estimates show potential increased risk associated with exposure to PAHs at sites within and in close proximity to the Superfund Mega-site. Specifically, estimated excess lifetime cancer risk associated with dermal exposure and inhalation of PAHs was above 1 in 1 million within the Superfund Mega-site. The predominant depositional flux profile observed in this study suggests that the river water in this Superfund site is largely a sink for airborne PAHs, rather than a source.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 71%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 74%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Air-water exchange of PAHs and OPAHs at a superfund mega-site

Tidwell

Paulik

Anderson

2017

Science of The Total Environment

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“…All deployments occurred in May, June, or July of 2016. Five LDPE strips were hung inside metal, T-shaped air sampling boxes that protect from UV radiation but allow airflow, as used previously (Paulik et al, 2016). The LDPE strips are contained within the upright portion (55 × 14 × 9 cm) positioned under the top portion (5 × 25 × 9 cm).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing soil-air partitioning of PAHs and PCBs with a new fugacity passive sampler

Donald¹,

Anderson

2017

Science of The Total Environment

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Soil-air fluxes of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were determined using a novel application of passive samplers to measure air and soil air, which is air in close proximity and in equilibrium with soil. Existing methods to measure flux of semi-volatile compounds between soil and air require collecting samples from the top soil layer. Yet, the top soil layer is hard to define and oversampling may misrepresent the exchangeable fraction. Alternatively, modified active samplers can measure soil air in situ, but require electricity while deployed. We present a new method to measure time-weighted averages of soil air concentrations in situ using passive sampling and requiring no electricity: a box is placed over low-density polyethylene passive samplers deployed 1 cm above the soil. Passive air samplers were also co-deployed 1.5 m above the soil to measure ambient air concentrations in three U.S. locations: near a former PCB manufacturing facility in Anniston, Alabama; on a former creosoting and the current Wyckoff/Eagle Superfund site near Seattle, Washington; and near the site of a recent oil-train derailment and fire in Mosier, Oregon. Following n-hexane extraction, sampler extracts were analyzed for PAHs with gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and PCBs with dual gas chromatography-electron capture detectors. PAHs were generally depositing at Anniston and Mosier sites, but volatilizing from soil in Wyckoff, the site with historically-contaminated soil. PCBs were detected most frequently at the Anniston site, although levels were lower than previous reports. Variability in concentration measurements was greater among soil air samplers than air samplers, likely due to soil heterogeneity. Environmental conditions under the novel soil air box did not substantially change soil-air partitioning behavior. This method of measuring soil air in situ will allow for understanding of source-sink dynamics at sites with recent and historical contamination, and where conventional sampling is challenging.

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“…A central composite design is five-level fractional factorial design that consists of edge points (+1 and −1) corresponding to the physical lower and upper limit of the explored factor space, star points (−α and +α), and center point of experiments used to detect curvature in the response. The variables evaluated were concentration of NaCl from 0 to 20% w/v, volume of extraction solvent (330-670 μL), and pH (2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12). The extended values for these parameters in five levels are given in Supporting Information Table S3.…”

Section: Central Composite Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Method for the simultaneous determination of monoaromatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in industrial effluents using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

Makoś

Fernandes

2018

J of Separation Science

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We present a new method for simultaneous determination of 22 monoaromatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in postoxidative effluents from the production of petroleum bitumen using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction coupled to gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The eight extraction parameters including the type and volume of extraction and disperser solvent, pH, salting out effect, extraction, and centrifugation time were optimized. The low detection limit ranging from 0.36 to 28 μg/L, limit of quantitation (1.1–84 μg/L), good reproducibility, and wide linear ranges, as well as the recoveries ranging from 71.74 to 114.67% revealed that the new method allows the determination of aromatic hydrocarbons at low concentration levels in industrial effluents having a very complex composition. The developed method was applied to the determination of content of mono‐ and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in samples of raw postoxidative effluents in which 15 compounds were identified at concentrations ranging from 1.21 to 1017.0 μg/L as well as in effluents after chemical treatment.

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Emissions of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Natural Gas Extraction into Air

Cited by 53 publications

References 48 publications

Air-water exchange of PAHs and OPAHs at a superfund mega-site

Air-water exchange of PAHs and OPAHs at a superfund mega-site

Assessing soil-air partitioning of PAHs and PCBs with a new fugacity passive sampler

Method for the simultaneous determination of monoaromatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in industrial effluents using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

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