Emissions of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans from an Electric Arc Furnace, Secondary Aluminum Smelter, Crematory and Joss Paper Incinerators

Abstract

Emissions of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) from the stack flue gases, fly ashes and bottom ashes of various stationary sources were investigated. The mean total PCDD/F I-TEQ concentration of flue gas ranged from 0.00681 to 0.703 ng I-TEQ/Nm 3 . However, the emission factor of PCDD/F from various incinerators was 0.00827 to 3.50 µg I-TEQ/ton, whereas it was 5.36 µg I-TEQ/body for a crematory (CM). In addition, the mean total PCDD/F I-TEQ content in fly ash from an electric arc furnace (EAF) and a secondary aluminium smelter (secondary ALS) were 74.0, and 49.9 ng I-TEQ/kg, respectively, whereas they are 21.3 and 0.494 ng I-TEQ/kg for bottom ash. Meanwhile, the removal efficiency of PCDD/F by bag filters from EAF was -44.4% which is attributed to the "memory effect". The indicatory PCDD/Fs of EAF, and secondary ALS have the same congeners (1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDF, 2,3,7,8-TeCDF, and 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDF). In addition, CM, joss paper-A (JP-A) and joss paper-B (JP-B) incinerators have similar indicatory PCDD/F (2,3,4,6,7, OCDF, 1,2,3,4,6,7, and OCDD). The high contribution of total PCDD/F is from fly ash (61.1-95.3%) for metallurgical facilities (EAF, secondary ALS), whereas 99.9% contribution of stack flue gas is from JP-A and JP-B. In conclusion, continually monitoring various PCDD/F emission sources is necessary to understand current PCDD/F emission (flue gas, fly/bottom ash) and the related removal efficiency of existing air pollution control devices. Information about both emission factors of PCDD/Fs and indicatory PCDD/F congeners are useful for the establishment of control strategies and for use as fingerprints with regard to the dominant congeners from different emission sources.

Measurement of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran emission from EAF steel making proces

“…By taking the production rates of steel (60 ton/heat; tap to tap time was 1 hour) during the sampling periods into account, the calculated emission factors for this point source were 0.22 µg I-TEQ /ton steel. The obtained emission factors values are consistent with previous results presented by other authors [29][30][31][32][33] and can be used as contribution to establish the Croatian PCDDs/Fs inventory.…”

“…In China it ranged from 0.2 to 20 µg I-TEQ/t of EAF steel since Jin et al [29]. The PCDDs/Fs emission factor in some EU countries [11,30,31] was between 0.02 and 9 µg I-TEQ/t EAF steel, in New Zeland (Buckland et al [32]) from 0.98 to 0.37 µg I-TEQ/t EAF steel and in Taiwan from 1.84-2.443µg I-TEQ/t EAF steel [33].…”

The Emission of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans from Steel and Cement-Kiln Plants in Vietnam

“…The PCDD/Fs emission factor for four sintering plants in China was 3.95 µg TEQ/ton (Tian et al, 2012) and for EAFs in Taiwan was from 1.84 to 2.44 µg TEQ/ton (Chiu et al (2011). The emission factors in Vietnam were comparable to those reported in Taiwan and slightly lower than those in China.…”

Decomposition of Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether by Adding Hydrogen in a Cold Plasma Reactor

“…PAHs were formed possibly via the consecutive addition and cyclization of hydrocarbon free radicals (Wang et al, 1999a). Moreover, such soot formation in the RF plasma reactor is different from the particle depositions from others combustion process in atmospheric environment (Chiu et al, 2011;Kim et al, 2011;Ruttanachot et al, 2011) In the 1970s, MTBE represented the great hope for replacing tetraethyllead as the main antiknock additive in gasoline. However, people are now trying to work MTBE out of the motor fuel systems.…”