Emissions of greenhouse gases from energy use in agriculture, forestry and fisheries: 1970–2019

Flammini, Alessandro; Pan, Xueyao; Tubiello, Francesco N.; Qiu, Sally Yue; Souza, Leonardo Rocha; Quadrelli, Roberta; Bracco, Stefania; Benoit, Philippe; Sims, Ralph

doi:10.5194/essd-2021-262

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…The initial capital costs of biogas‐powered refrigeration were found to be relatively high in a case study in Kenya involving biogas made from dairy cattle waste (Flammini et al, 2018), but the overall financial and economic returns were good. In addition, the research reported beneficial effects on soil quality, indoor air pollution, fertilizer use and efficiency, food loss, GHG emissions, and access to energy.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioenergy and nutrition: Positive linkages for the achievement of the UN Sustainable Development Goals

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Miller

et al. 2023

WIREs Energy & Environment

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Bioenergy and nutrition represent two key elements in maintaining health and well‐being. Bioenergy is a form of renewable energy produced from organic materials, which can be used for generating power, while nutrition, on the other hand, is related to the ability of food to provide the proper nutrients to living beings and the factors that make up a healthy diet. The 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda has brought considerable attention to the importance of food security and nutrition, particularly under SDG2, while concurrently highlighting the need to ensure affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy access for all under SDG7. The accomplishment of these two Goals is crucial for almost all others, as they are closely interconnected with many cross‐cutting elements and commonly framed in the Water Energy Food Nexus. In this context, modern bioenergy has the potential to aid in the accomplishment of the SDGs, when value chains and conversion processes are designed and managed in an appropriate and sustainable manner. Nevertheless, the positive relationship between bioenergy and nutrition is an overlooked nexus, whose analysis has been too often limited to the competition for resources, such as land, water, energy, and other inputs. Considering this, the present review was developed for both the nutrition and bioenergy communities to begin to overcome the limits of the food versus fuel paradigm, by analyzing this intricate nexus and bringing to light interlinkages and potential synergies existing between bioenergy and nutrition. So far, such linkages appear indirect or implied, therefore further research in this area would be beneficial. The strongest links between bioenergy and nutrition identified include: greater cooking efficiency, reduced indoor air pollution, and improved environmental sanitation through bioenergy clean cooking solutions; energy access for transporting, storing, and cooking food, thus reducing food loss and waste and diversifying diets; improved soil fertility through Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS), phytoremediation, and integrated biomass production systems; and better rural livelihoods and increased income by introducing bioenergy production and use as a circular economy practice. The major significance of this review is the identification of examples of good practices applied along the different stages of the bioenergy value chain with potential co‐benefits for nutrition. In this way, this work aims to provide preliminary findings for researchers to better determine the ways in which bioenergy can be deployed to improve global nutrition.This article is categorized under: Sustainable Energy > Bioenergy Sustainable Development > Goals Sustainable Development > Energy‐Water‐Food Nexus

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioenergy and nutrition: Positive linkages for the achievement of the UN Sustainable Development Goals

Testa

Morese

Miller

et al. 2023

WIREs Energy & Environment

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“…The GHG emission data presented herein cover the period 1990-2019 at the country level. They are available as open data, with DOI https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7310932 (Flammini et al, 2022).…”

Section: Data Availabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Discussion started: 28 November 2022 c Author(s) 2022. CC BY 4.0 License.Uncertainties in GHG Emissions from Fuel Combustion, Table3;Flammini et al, 2022). Uncertainty in activity data was then combined with uncertainty in fuel emission factors (−15 % to 18 %), computed by taking the IPCC lower and upper values of emissions factors of wood/wood waste.…”

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confidence: 99%

Quantifying Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Woodfuel used in Households

Flammini

Adzmir

Karl

et al. 2022

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Abstract. The combustion of woodfuel for residential use is often not considered to be a source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in households since emissions from woodfuel combustion can be offset by the CO2 absorbed by the growth of the forest as a carbon sink (IPCC, 2006). However, this only applies to wood that is harvested in a renewable way, i.e., at a rate not exceeding the regrowth rate of the forest from which it is harvested (Drigo et al., 2002). This paper estimates the share of GHG emissions attributable to non-renewable woodfuel harvesting for use in residential food activities. It adds to a growing research base estimating GHG emissions from across the entire agri-food value chain, from the manufacture of farm inputs, through food supply chains, and finally to waste disposal (Tubiello et al., 2021). Country-level information is generated from United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD) and International Energy Agency (IEA) data on woodfuel use in households. We find that, in 2019, annual emissions from non-renewable woodfuel use in household food consumption were about 745 million tonnes (Mt CO2eq yr−1), with uncertainty ranging from −20 % to + 22 %, having increased 6 % from 1990. Overall, global trends were a result of counterbalancing effects: the emission increases were largely fuelled from countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, Southern Asia, and Latin America while significant decreases were seen in countries in Eastern Asia and South-eastern Asia. The Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO) has developed and regularly maintains a database covering GHG emissions from the various components of the agri-food sector, including pre- and post-production activities, by country and world regions. The dataset is developed according to International Panel on Climate Change guidelines (IPCC, 2006), which avoids overlaps across AFOLU and energy components. It relies mainly on UNSD Energy Statistics data, which are used as activity data for the calculation of the GHG emissions (Tubiello et al., 2022). The information used in this work is available as open data with DOI https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7310932 (Flammini et al., 2022).

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“…It is difficult to argue for these cost reductions unless society, rather than the enterprises, realizes the benefits and compensates the cost difference between a smoke-free and a conventional polluting biochar-producing technology. The co-benefits of a clean energy technology such as the PPV300 usually significantly outweigh the financial benefits [30,31]. Another alternative, from the society perspective, is of course to use regulations as incentives favoring "green" technologies to reduce the externalities, which rather force the enterprise to strive for such cost reductions (Flammini et al, 2018) [30].…”

Section: The Ppv300 Vs Cheaper Alternatives For Biochar Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The co-benefits of a clean energy technology such as the PPV300 usually significantly outweigh the financial benefits [30,31]. Another alternative, from the society perspective, is of course to use regulations as incentives favoring "green" technologies to reduce the externalities, which rather force the enterprise to strive for such cost reductions (Flammini et al, 2018) [30]. Although such incentives would not mitigate the original hindrances, they would further support the expansion of coffee husk-biochar production in Vietnam.…”

Section: The Ppv300 Vs Cheaper Alternatives For Biochar Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Supply Chain Uncertainties of Small-Scale Coffee Husk-Biochar Production for Activated Carbon in Vietnam

et al. 2020

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Between 2014 and 2019, an innovative small-pyrolysis system (the PPV300) using agrowaste as feedstock was transferred and adapted from Switzerland to Vietnam by a United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) project. The coffee husk resulting from the processing of coffee beans is usually disposed of in Vietnam or burned inefficiently to dry coffee beans. Small-scale pyrolysis of coffee husk using the PPV300 avoids smoke emissions and local air pollution while providing an energy source for coffee drying and biochar as a by-product. This paper investigates the uncertainties in the “coffee husk to activated carbon” supply chain in Vietnam and discusses the pros and cons of different supply chain setups using a framework derived by Chopra and Meindl (2013). According to the analysis, a number of actors (an intermediary without previous direct involvement in the coffee supply chain, a coffee processor, or a hybrid between farm and processor), each with advantages and disadvantages, would be suitable from a supply chain perspective to attain an efficient strategy that would keep the price of the biochar low. However, in order to be attractive for one activated carbon producer, several PPV300 systems are needed to reach a significant economy of scale. Sufficient husk sourcing and storage capacity is also needed. If the purpose is simply to produce biochar for activated carbon, processors and intermediaries could consider a simpler and cheaper design than the PPV300. In conclusion, supply chain uncertainties and economic viability can be optimized when the PPV300 is used by coffee processors or intermediaries, who are able to make use of the co-products generated (biochar, heat, and wood vinegar). In addition to its financial viability, all of the other co-benefits of this technology should be taken into consideration (reduced smoke and environmental pollution, avoided health costs, greenhouse gas savings, etc.) for a proper assessment of its economic attractiveness.

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Emissions of greenhouse gases from energy use in agriculture, forestry and fisheries: 1970–2019

Cited by 6 publications

References 1 publication

Bioenergy and nutrition: Positive linkages for the achievement of the UN Sustainable Development Goals

Bioenergy and nutrition: Positive linkages for the achievement of the UN Sustainable Development Goals

Quantifying Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Woodfuel used in Households

Supply Chain Uncertainties of Small-Scale Coffee Husk-Biochar Production for Activated Carbon in Vietnam

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