Emissions of black carbon in East Asia estimated from observations at a remote site in the East China Sea

Kondo, Yutaka; Oshima, Naga; Kajino, Mizuo; Mikami, Riichirō; Moteki, Nobuhiro; Takegawa, N.; Verma, R. L.; Kajii, Yoshizumi; Kato, S.; Takami, Akinori

doi:10.1029/2011jd015637

Cited by 80 publications

(130 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…They concluded that Chinese annual anthropogenic BC emission is 1.92 TgC yr −1 , similar to the 1.81 TgC yr −1 estimated by Zhang et al (2009). Both Hakami et al (2005) and Kondo et al (2011) used observations far downwind from China during particular seasons, thus they may not reflect the total annual emissions from the entire country. Matsui et al (2009) simulated EC and OC in northern China in summer 2006 using anthropogenic emissions similar to those estimated by Zhang et al (2009).…”

Section: T-m Fu Et Al: Carbonaceous Aerosols In Chinamentioning

confidence: 65%

“…Kondo et al (2011) measured BC concentration on a remote island in East China Sea and selectively analysed data strongly influenced by transport from China (mostly in spring and winter of the years 2008 and 2009). They concluded that Chinese annual anthropogenic BC emission is 1.92 TgC yr −1 , similar to the 1.81 TgC yr −1 estimated by Zhang et al (2009).…”

Section: T-m Fu Et Al: Carbonaceous Aerosols In Chinamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They found that the model overestimated EC at one urban site and one suburban site in Beijing, as well as overestimated OC at the suburban site. Kondo et al (2011) measured yearround BC concentrations on a remote island in East China Sea, downwind from China. They selectively analysed data strongly impacted by transport from China (mostly in winter and spring) and estimated Chinese annual anthropogenic BC emission to be 1.92 TgC yr −1 , similar to the 1.81 TgC yr −1 estimated by Zhang et al (2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Carbonaceous aerosols in China: top-down constraints on primary sources and estimation of secondary contribution

et al. 2012

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Abstract. We simulated elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC) aerosols in China and compared model results to surface measurements at Chinese rural and background sites, with the goal of deriving "top-down" emission estimates of EC and OC, as well as better quantifying the secondary sources of OC. We included in the model state-of-the-science Chinese "bottom-up" emission inventories for EC (1.92 TgC yr −1 ) and OC (3.95 TgC yr −1 ), as well as updated secondary OC formation pathways. The average simulated annual mean EC concentration at rural and background sites was 1.1 µgC m −3 , 56 % lower than the observed 2.5 µgC m −3 . The average simulated annual mean OC concentration at rural and background sites was 3.4 µgC m −3 , 76 % lower than the observed 14 µgC m −3 . Multiple regression to fit surface monthly mean EC observations at rural and background sites yielded the best estimate of Chinese EC source of 3.05 ± 0.78 TgC yr −1 . Based on the topdown EC emission estimate and observed seasonal primary OC/EC ratios, we estimated Chinese OC emissions to be 6.67 ± 1.30 TgC yr −1 . Using these top-down estimates, the simulated average annual mean EC concentration at rural and background sites was significantly improved to 1.9 µgC m −3 . However, the model still significantly underestimated observed OC in all seasons (simulated average annual mean OC at rural and background sites was 5.4 µgC m −3 ), with little skill in capturing the spatiotemporal variability. Secondary formation accounts for 21 % of Chinese annual mean surface OC in the model, with isoprene being the most important precursor. In summer, as high as 62 % of the observed surface OC may be due to secondary formation in eastern China. Our analysis points to four shortcomings in the current bottom-up inventories of Chinese carbonaceous aerosols: (1) the anthropogenic source is underestimated on a national scale, particularly for OC; (2) the spatiotemporal distributions of emissions are misrepresented; (3) there is a missing source in western China, likely associated with the use of biofuels or other low-quality fuels for heating; and (4) sources in fall are not well represented, either because the seasonal shifting of Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. T.-M. Fu et al.: Carbonaceous aerosols in Chinaemissions and/or secondary formation are poorly captured or because specific fall emission events are missing. In addition, secondary production of OC in China is severely underestimated. More regional measurements with better spatiotemporal coverage are needed to resolve these shortcomings.

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Section: T-m Fu Et Al: Carbonaceous Aerosols In Chinamentioning

confidence: 65%

Section: T-m Fu Et Al: Carbonaceous Aerosols In Chinamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Carbonaceous aerosols in China: top-down constraints on primary sources and estimation of secondary contribution

et al. 2012

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“…However, a number of recently published studies for China reported rather high BC, e.g. about 1.8 Tg was estimated by Zhang et al (2009) Kondo et al (2011) for 2008 using a top-down approach; these results and other recent regional studies are marked with black star symbols in Fig. 10 and included in Table S8.1.…”

Section: Comparison With Other Studiesmentioning

confidence: 96%

Global anthropogenic emissions of particulate matter including black carbon

et al. 2017

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Abstract. This paper presents a comprehensive assessment of historical global anthropogenic particulate matter (PM) emissions including the consistent and harmonized calculation of mass-based size distribution (PM 1 , PM 2.5 , PM 10 ), as well as primary carbonaceous aerosols including black carbon (BC) and organic carbon (OC). The estimates were developed with the integrated assessment model GAINS, where source-and region-specific technology characteristics are explicitly included. This assessment includes a number of previously unaccounted or often misallocated emission sources, i.e. kerosene lamps, gas flaring, diesel generators, refuse burning; some of them were reported in the past for selected regions or in the context of a particular pollutant or sector but not included as part of a total estimate. Spatially, emissions were calculated for 172 source regions (as well as international shipping), presented for 25 global regions, and allocated to 0.5 • × 0.5 • longitude-latitude grids. No independent estimates of emissions from forest fires and savannah burning are provided and neither windblown dust nor unpaved roads emissions are included.We estimate that global emissions of PM have not changed significantly between 1990 and 2010, showing a strong decoupling from the global increase in energy consumption and, consequently, CO 2 emissions, but there are significantly different regional trends, with a particularly strong increase in East Asia and Africa and a strong decline in Europe, North America, and the Pacific region. This in turn resulted in important changes in the spatial pattern of PM burden, e.g. European, North American, and Pacific contributions to global emissions dropped from nearly 30 % in 1990 to well below 15 % in 2010, while Asia's contribution grew from just over 50 % to nearly two-thirds of the global total in 2010. For all PM species considered, Asian sources represented over 60 % of the global anthropogenic total, and residential combustion was the most important sector, contributing about 60 % for BC and OC, 45 % for PM 2.5 , and less than 40 % for PM 10 , where large combustion sources and industrial processes are equally important. Global anthropogenic emissions of BC were estimated at about 6.6 and 7.2 Tg in 2000 and 2010, respectively, and represent about 15 % of PM 2.5 but for some sources reach nearly 50 %, i.e. for the transport sector. Our global BC numbers are higher than previously published owing primarily to the inclusion of new sources.This PM estimate fills the gap in emission data and emission source characterization required in air quality and climate modelling studies and health impact assessments at a regional and global level, as it includes both carbonaceous and non-carbonaceous constituents of primary particulate matter emissions. The developed emission dataset has been used in several regional and global atmospheric transport and climate model simulations within the ECLIPSE (Evaluating the Climate and Air Quality Impacts of Short-Lived Pollutants) project and beyo...

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“…BC particles are usually in the sub-micron size range (e.g., Petzold et al, 2005;Schwarz et al, 2008;Kondo et al, 2011) contributing only little to PM 2.5 and PM 10 as these are often dominated by other particle types. In the following, we therefore focus on the contribution of BC to PM 1 .…”

Section: Particulate Matter and Aerosol Optical Depthmentioning

confidence: 99%

The anthropogenic contribution to atmospheric black carbon concentrations in southern Africa: a WRF-Chem modeling study

et al. 2015

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Abstract. South Africa has one of the largest industrialized economies in Africa. Emissions of air pollutants are particularly high in the Johannesburg-Pretoria metropolitan area, the Mpumalanga Highveld and the Vaal Triangle, resulting in local air pollution. This study presents and evaluates a setup for conducting modeling experiments over southern Africa with the Weather Research and Forecasting model including chemistry and aerosols (WRF-Chem), and analyzes the contribution of anthropogenic emissions to the total black carbon (BC) concentrations from September to December 2010.The modeled BC concentrations are compared with measurements obtained at the Welgegund station situated ca. 100 km southwest of Johannesburg. An evaluation of WRF-Chem with observational data from ground-based measurement stations, radiosondes, and satellites shows that the meteorology is modeled mostly reasonably well, but precipitation amounts are widely overestimated and the onset of the wet season is modeled approximately 1 month too early in 2010. Modeled daily mean BC concentrations show a temporal correlation of 0.66 with measurements, but the total BC concentration is underestimated in the model by up to 50 %.Sensitivity studies with anthropogenic emissions of BC and co-emitted species turned off show that anthropogenic sources can contribute up to 100 % to BC concentrations in the industrialized and urban areas, and anthropogenic BC and co-emitted species together can contribute up to 60 % to PM 1 levels. Particularly the co-emitted species contribute significantly to the aerosol optical depth (AOD). Furthermore, in areas of large-scale biomass-burning atmospheric heating rates are increased through absorption by BC up to an altitude of about 600 hPa.

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Emissions of black carbon in East Asia estimated from observations at a remote site in the East China Sea

Cited by 80 publications

References 36 publications

Carbonaceous aerosols in China: top-down constraints on primary sources and estimation of secondary contribution

Carbonaceous aerosols in China: top-down constraints on primary sources and estimation of secondary contribution

Global anthropogenic emissions of particulate matter including black carbon

The anthropogenic contribution to atmospheric black carbon concentrations in southern Africa: a WRF-Chem modeling study

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