Emissions from Ethers and Organic Carbonate Fuel Additives: A Review

Abstract

This paper is a review of the available literature on the main features of 11 of the most widely adopted oxygenated additives to base gasoline and diesel, focusing particularly on the emissions from the oxygenates considered as additives. The oxygenated additives studied are methyl tert-butyl ether, ethyl tertiary butyl ether, tert-amyl ethyl ether, tertiary amyl methyl ether, isopropyl ether, dimethyl carbonate, dimethoxymethane, dibutyl ether, diglycol methyl ether, diethyl carbonate, and 2-methoxyethyl acetate.

Synthesis of Biomass‐Derived Ethers for Use as Fuels and Lubricants

“…On the other hand, MTBE forms peroxides more slowly than tetrahydrofuran (THF), 2‐methyl‐THF, and 2,5‐dimethyl furan . Another important consideration is the fact that the addition of oxygenates to fuel blends also impacts the exhaust emissions, lowering CO and other unregulated emissions such as benzene and 1,3‐butadiene . A review by Di Nicola and co‐workers provides greater detail about emissions from ethers and organic carbonate fuel additives …”

“…[70] Ar eview by Di Nicola and co-workersp rovides greater detail about emissions from ethers and organic carbonate fuel additives. [70]…”

Effect of Alcohol Structure on the Kinetics of Etherification and Dehydration over Tungstated Zirconia

“…Symmetric and asymmetric linear ethers in the C 8 -C 12 range are suitable diesel additives owing to their high cetane numbers. [2][3][4][5] Branched ethers such as methyl tert-butyle ther can also be added to gasoline because of their high octanen umbers. [6] Longer chain branched ethers in the C 28 -C 32 range have low pour points ande xcellent lubricant properties, [7][8][9] and could replace poly-alpha-olefin lubricants,which are produced fromf ossil reserves.…”

Ion exchange resins as catalysts for the liquid-phase dehydration of 1-butanol to di-n-butyl ether

“…Given the 25 severity of these threats the European Union has ruled increasingly stringent specifications for: 26 (1) quality of petrol, diesel and gas-oil ( Although very efficient, diesel engines have had difficulties achieving desirable emission 32 targets, especially for soot and NO x formation [1]. Reformulation of diesel fuel to include 33 oxygenates has proven to be an effective way to provide satisfactory engine power and cleaner 34 exhaust without modification of existing diesel engines [2][3][4][5]. 35 A number of oxygenates have been considered as components for diesel fuel including various 36 alcohols, ethers and esters.…”