Emissions characterization of residential wood-fired hydronic heater technologies

Kinsey, John S.; Touati, Abderrahmane; Yelverton, Tiffany L.B.; Aurell, Johanna; Cho, Seung-Hyun; Linak, William P.; Gullett, Brian K.

doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.08.064

Cited by 19 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…al report CO readings from 10 000 ppm for a pellet hydronic-heater (40 kW) to as high as 180 000 ppm for an up-draft cord wood hydronic heater (38 kW). 7 Reporting CO allows state and federal regulators to better assess the local, short-term environmental impacts related to combustion. Further, the NSPS will also require manufacturers to report CO values.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…6 Pellet stoves however are considered to have the lowest particulate emissions of all wood fueled heating systems in the U.S. and the highest efficiency. 6,7 Residential wood-heating devices are now the largest source of PM in New York State, greater than the PM from all diesel vehicles or the electric power sectors. 8 Modern appliances that use pellet fuel can provide a cleaner option than traditional cordwood appliances; 9 however, all wood firing can suffer from nonoptimal conditions, resulting in incomplete combustion and poor emissions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Repeatability in Particulate and Gaseous Emissions from Pellet Stoves for Space Heating

et al. 2018

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The discussion of emission performance test method repeatability has been a long-standing problem. In March of 2016 the U.S. EPA released a discussion paper on processes for developing improved cordwood test methods for wood heaters. This paper discussed the need to improve repeatability of cordwood fueling protocols and emission measurements to improve confidence in certification processes; however, repeatability for pellet stoves was not addressed. In 2016 the Alliance for Green Heat held the Pellet Stove Design Challenge which was created to test, study, and assess high-efficiency, low-emission pellet stoves. During this workshop, three pellet stoves were selected for extensive testing which provided results on their repeatability to one single test method in the U.S. in terms of emission rates, emission indices, and efficiency. The goal of this study was to assess the repeatability of a single certification test method for pellet stoves and the emission data used for certification purposes. Overall, the repeatability of the test method was favorable with variation in the overall burn rate (kg/h) of 4%, 2%, and 3% for stoves 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The variability in emission rate (g/h) for stoves 1, 2, and 3 was 4%, 17%, and 65%, respectively, which raised concerns for regulatory purposes. However, the concern was met with suggestions for test method development which may include sampling during higher emission periods such as start-up or burn out, sampling at higher flow rates, and moving toward higher resolution scales. Specifically, including start-up or burn out periods which are typically “poorer combustion periods” is more reflective of in-field use and a better measure of the actual stove’s performance. This work also provided support for EPA’s New Source Performance Standard requirement for manufacturers to report CO emissions and efficiency.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Repeatability in Particulate and Gaseous Emissions from Pellet Stoves for Space Heating

et al. 2018

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“…Other studies also report that the boiler efficiency is also determined by the load factor and number of ignitions [11], suggesting that high operational loads and reduced number of ignitions correspond to the optimal operating conditions. Four appliances with different designs and several fuel types were investigated by Kinsey et al [12]. Among these appliances the thermal, and combustion efficiencies, along with CO, CO 2 and other gas emissions were observed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Matrix L 27 , with indication parameter (1, 2, 5, 10), interaction(3,4,6,7,8,11), and independent(9,12,13) [22].…”

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confidence: 99%

Experimental Studies on Wood Pellets Combustion in a Fixed Bed Combustor Using Taguchi Method

Castro

Fraga

Ferreira

et al. 2021

Fuels

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The combustion of wood pellets in a fixed bed combustor of a 20 kW capacity domestic pellet boiler was tested according to several factors including Power, Excess Air (EA), Primary/Secondary air Split Ratio (SR) and Grate Area (GA). The Taguchi method was applied to program the experimental design. Several parameters were measured, including gas emissions (CO), fuel bed temperature (measured at 4 different heights), and efficiency. The experimental results show that the lower CO emission and the higher efficiency were obtained at medium thermal loads and the highest temperature on the fuel bed was obtained at about ¼ of its height (15 mm). The results obtained from the analysis of variance (ANOVA) show that the SR and the Power are the most important factors contributing to the CO reduction and also increase the fuel bed temperature.

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“…From 2005 to 2010, in Germany as the main European market between 15,000 and 25,000 small-scale boilers (power < 50 kW) were newly installed every year (Audigane et al, 2012). Domestic biomass burning is known to emit large amounts of several air pollutants, such as particulate matter (PM), black carbon (BC), particle-bound organic matter (OM), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), carbon monoxide and NO x (Eriksson et al, 2014;Evtyugina et al, 2014;Heringa et al, 2012;Kinsey et al, 2012;Martinsson et al, 2015;Orasche et al, 2012;Stockwell et al, 2014), but in many studies, continuously-fired pellet boilers have been characterised as low-emitting combustion appliances compared to batchwise combustion of wood fuels in modern or conventional log wood stoves (Lamberg et al, 2011a;Obaidullah et al, 2012;Orasche et al, 2012;Ozgen et al, 2014;Reda et al, 2015). However, the raw material for pelletisation and the operating conditions in terms of load have been found to affect the emissions (Chandrasekaran et al, 2013;Heringa et al, 2012;Sippula et al, 2007;Venturini et al, 2015;Verma et al, 2011;Vicente et al, 2015;Win et al, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time-resolved analysis of primary volatile emissions and secondary aerosol formation potential from a small-scale pellet boiler

Czech

Pieber

Tiitta

et al. 2017

Atmospheric Environment

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Emissions characterization of residential wood-fired hydronic heater technologies

Cited by 19 publications

References 9 publications

Repeatability in Particulate and Gaseous Emissions from Pellet Stoves for Space Heating

Repeatability in Particulate and Gaseous Emissions from Pellet Stoves for Space Heating

Experimental Studies on Wood Pellets Combustion in a Fixed Bed Combustor Using Taguchi Method

Time-resolved analysis of primary volatile emissions and secondary aerosol formation potential from a small-scale pellet boiler

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