Emissions Characteristics of Military Helicopter Engines with JP-8 and Fischer-Tropsch Fuels

Corporan, Edwin; DeWitt, Matthew J.; Klingshirn, Christopher; Striebich, Richard C.; Cheng, Meng‐Dawn

doi:10.2514/1.43928

Cited by 47 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…While bimodal tendencies may be observed at the low power conditions, the uncertainty associated with the particle size distribution in the 10e20 nm size range coupled with the high particle transmission losses does not permit a resolution of two separate and distinct modes. The size distributions change as a function of engine power condition, consistent with results from other studies of engine exhaust nozzle measurements of PM emissions (Rogers et al, 2005;Lobo et al, 2007;Corporan et al, 2010;Lobo et al, 2011). Vander Wal et al, 2014 reported that the nanostructure of aircraft engine PM evolves from amorphous at low power to graphitic at high power, with clear differences in aggregate size and morphology between the idle (4e7%) and takeoff (100%) conditions.…”

Section: Dedicated Engine Testssupporting

confidence: 79%

PM emissions measurements of in-service commercial aircraft engines during the Delta-Atlanta Hartsfield Study

Lobo

Hagen

Whitefield

et al. 2015

Atmospheric Environment

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Section: Dedicated Engine Testssupporting

confidence: 79%

PM emissions measurements of in-service commercial aircraft engines during the Delta-Atlanta Hartsfield Study

Lobo

Hagen

Whitefield

et al. 2015

Atmospheric Environment

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“…This fuel was used for the qualification of the B-52 for operation with a 50% blend of IPK. 4,7,17 The petroleum-derived fuels included JP-8 fuels acquired from the active fuel inventories at Tinker AFB and Edwards AFB, and several other fuels from research facilities. These fuels comprised a wide range of physical and chemical properties consistent with those typically observed for JP-8.…”

Section: Summary Of Analytical Results For Ft Blendsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several studies have been performed to characterize the use of upgraded FT-derived fuels for aviation applications. [1][2][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] Studies with neat FT fuels have demonstrated that significant improvements in thermal oxidative stability and emission production can be realized while superior low-temperature properties can be achieved 3 with a sufficiently high iso-alkane/n-alkane ratio. However, the IPK will not meet the JP-8 specification density requirement (minimum 0.775 g/mL) or potentially other specification and -Fit-for-Purpose‖ (FFP) properties.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Dependence of Fuel Properties During Blending of Iso-Paraffinic Kerosene and Petroleum-Derived Jet Fuel

Striebich¹,

Shafer²,

DeWitt³

et al. 2008

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The public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information , 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS. REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YY)2. REPORT TYPE 3. DATES COVERED (From -To) SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)Air Force Research Laboratory SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY ACRONYM(S)Propulsion SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY REPORT NUMBER(S) AFRL-RZ-WP-TR-2008-2034 DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENTApproved for public release; distribution unlimited. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTESPAO Case Number and clearance date: 88ABW2008-1311, 17 Dec 2008. ABSTRACTThe studies and analysis performed in this report were made to improve the understanding of blending an Iso-Paraffinic Kerosene (IPK) produced from natural gas via Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis with several petroleum-derived fuels on the resulting chemical, physical and Fit-For-Purpose (FFP) properties. The IPK had a similar distillation range to a typical jet fuel and high iso-/normal alkane ratio. Blending showed a linear dependence in the specification and non-specification properties with blend ratio. Determination and understanding of this dependence allows for the prediction of anticipated fuel properties during blending and for statistical analysis using historical fuel property distribution data to be performed to investigate expected fuel properties and variability as a function of blend ratio. SUBJECT TERMS Executive SummaryThere has been increasing interest in recent years in the development and use of aviation fuels derived from non-petroleum feedstocks. The motivation for use of domestically-produced alternative fuels is driven by many factors, including homeland defense, military preparedness and economic security. Development of processes and infrastructure to produce liquid fuels from domestic sources, such as coal or biological feedstocks, could significantly assist in achieving this goal. One approach that can be implemented is the use of Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis to produce liquid fuels via indirect liquefaction. The primary products from low temperature FT synthesis are typically long-chain n-alkanes, which can be converted to branched alkanes and separated into the desired distillation range. This product is typically referred to as Iso-Paraff...

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“…Samples are transported to analytical instrumentation using heated lines to prevent condensation of moisture and condensable hydrocarbons (Corporan, 2010). Major and minor gaseous emissions (e.g., CO 2 , CO, NO x , UHCs) are typically quantified on-line using nondispersive infrared (NDIR), chemiluminescence, FTIR, and FID instrumentation.…”

Section: Exhaust Gas Samplingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of methodologies for identification and quantification of hazardous air pollutants from turbine engine emissions

Anneken

Striebich

DeWitt

et al. 2014

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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Aircraft turbine engines are a significant source of particulate matter (PM) and gaseous emissions in the vicinity of airports and military installations. Hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) (e.g., formaldehyde, benzene, naphthalene and other compounds) associated with aircraft emissions are an environmental concern both in flight and at ground level. Therefore, effective sampling, identification, and accurate measurement of these trace species are important to assess their environmental impact. This effort evaluates two established ambient air sampling and analysis methods, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Method TO-11A and National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Method 1501, for potential use to quantify HAPs from aircraft turbine engines. The techniques were used to perform analysis of the exhaust from a T63 turboshaft engine, and were examined using certified gas standards transferred through the heated sampling systems used for engine exhaust gaseous emissions measurements. Test results show that the EPA Method TO-11A (for aldehydes) and NIOSH Method 1501 (for semivolatile hydrocarbons) were effective techniques for the sampling and analysis of most HAPs of interest. Both methods showed reasonable extraction efficiencies of HAP species from the sorbent tubes, with the exception of acrolein, styrene, and phenol, which were not well quantified. Formaldehyde measurements using dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) tubes (EPA method TO-11A) were accurate for gas-phase standards, and compared favorably to measurements using gas-phase Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. In general, these two standard methodologies proved to be suitable techniques for field measurement of turbine engine HAPs within a reasonable (5-10 minutes) sampling period. Details of the tests, the analysis methods, calibration procedures, and results from the gas standards and T63 engine tested using a conventional JP-8 jet fuel are provided.Implications: HAPs from aviation-related sources are important because of their adverse health and environmental impacts in and around airports and flight lines. Simpler, more convenient techniques to measure the important HAPs, especially aldehydes and volatile organic HAPs, are needed to provide information about their occurrence and assist in the development of engines that emit fewer harmful emissions.

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Emissions Characteristics of Military Helicopter Engines with JP-8 and Fischer-Tropsch Fuels

Cited by 47 publications

References 3 publications

PM emissions measurements of in-service commercial aircraft engines during the Delta-Atlanta Hartsfield Study

PM emissions measurements of in-service commercial aircraft engines during the Delta-Atlanta Hartsfield Study

Dependence of Fuel Properties During Blending of Iso-Paraffinic Kerosene and Petroleum-Derived Jet Fuel

Development of methodologies for identification and quantification of hazardous air pollutants from turbine engine emissions

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