PM emissions measurements of in-service commercial aircraft engines during the Delta-Atlanta Hartsfield Study

Lobo, Prem; Hagen, Donald E.; Whitefield, Philip D.; Raper, David

doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.01.020

Cited by 53 publications

(80 citation statements)

References 39 publications

(67 reference statements)

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“…In all cases, the size distributions were observed to be lognormal, and the geometric mean diameter (GMD) varied from 22.5nm to 49nm and the geometric standard deviation (GSD) ranged 1.58 -1.99. These results are consistent with those reported for other gas turbine engines burning conventional and alternative fuels [8,13,23,30,31]. For the three APU operating conditions, GMD decreased linearly with increasing fuel hydrogen content.…”

Section: Comparison Of Nvpm Emissions Of Uco-hefa Fuel Blends Vs Jetsupporting

confidence: 82%

Evaluation of Non-volatile Particulate Matter Emission Characteristics of an Aircraft Auxiliary Power Unit with Varying Alternative Jet Fuel Blend Ratios

et al. 2015

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The aviation industry is increasingly focused on the development of sustainable alternative fuels to augment and diversify fuel supplies while simultaneously reducing its environmental impact. The impact of airport operations on local air quality and aviation related greenhouse * Corresponding author, e-mail address: plobo@mst.edu 2 gas emissions on a life cycle basis have been shown to be reduced with the use of alternative fuels. However, the evaluation of incremental variations in fuel composition of a single alternative fuel on the production of non-volatile particulate matter (nvPM) emissions has not been explored. This is critical to understanding the emissions profile for aircraft engines burning alternative fuels and their impact on air quality and climate change. A systematic evaluation of nvPM emissions from a GTCP85 aircraft auxiliary power unit (APU) burning a 16 different blends of Used Cooking Oil (UCO) derived Hydroprocessed Esters and Fatty Acids (HEFA) type alternative fuel with a conventional Jet A-1 baseline fuel was performed.The nvPM number-and mass-based emission indices for the 16 fuel blends and neat 100% UCO-HEFA were compared against those for the baseline Jet A-1 at the three APU operating conditions. Fuel composition was found to influence nvPM production. The reductions in nvPM were found to be greater with increasing fuel hydrogen content (higher proportion of UCO-HEFA in the fuel blend). For a 50:50 blend of UCO-HEFA and Jet A-1, which would meet current ASTM specifications, the average reduction in nvPM number-based emissions was ~35%, while that for mass-based emissions was ~60%. The nvPM size distributions were found to narrow and shift to smaller sizes as the UCO-HEFA component of the fuel blend increased. This shift has a greater impact on the reduction in nvPM mass compared to the overall decrease in nvPM number, when comparing the blends to the baseline Jet A-1.

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Section: Comparison Of Nvpm Emissions Of Uco-hefa Fuel Blends Vs Jetsupporting

confidence: 82%

Evaluation of Non-volatile Particulate Matter Emission Characteristics of an Aircraft Auxiliary Power Unit with Varying Alternative Jet Fuel Blend Ratios

et al. 2015

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“…The total PM size distributions are bi-modal with a strong nucleation mode (<20nm) and an accumulation mode. These observations are consistent with those reported for PM emissions measured downwind of several different aircraft engine types (Lobo et al, 2007;Lobo et al, 2012;Lobo et al, 2015a). The enhancement of the nucleation mode in measurements made downwind of the engine exit plane is due to gas-to-particle conversion in the exhaust plume driven by fuel composition, ambient conditions, and degree of mixing.…”

Section: Field Deployment During the Aafex II Campaignsupporting

confidence: 81%

Application of a Hygroscopicity Tandem Differential Mobility Analyzer for characterizing PM Emissions in exhaust plumes from an Aircraft Engine burning Conventional and Alternative fuels

Trueblood¹,

Lobo²,

Hagen³

et al. 2018

Preprint

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Abstract. In the last several decades, significant efforts have been directed toward better understanding the gaseous and Particulate Matter (PM) emissions from aircraft gas turbine engines. However, limited information is available on the 15 hygroscopic properties of aircraft engine soot particles, in particular their soluble mass fraction (SMF). This parameter plays an important role in the water absorption, airborne lifetime, obscuring effect, and detrimental health effects of these particles.This study reports the description, detailed lab-based performance evaluation of a robust Hygroscopic-Tandem Differential Mobility Analyzer (H-TDMA) and subsequent field deployment to measure the SMF of aircraft engine soot particles in the exhaust from CFM56-2C1 engines burning several fuels during the Alternative Aviation Fuel EXperiment (AAFEX) II 20 campaign. The fuels used were a conventional JP-8, tallow-based hydro-processed esters and fatty acids (HEFA), FischerTropsch, a blend of HEFA and JP-8, and Fischer-Tropsch doped with Tetrahydrothiophene (an organosulfur compound). In all cases the SMF was observed to increase with fuel sulfur content and engine power condition. SMF decreseased with increasing particle size. The highest SMFs (~80%) were found in the smallest particles, typically those with diameters of 10 nm. 25

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“…Aircraft are known to emit particles in the nucleation range (e.g. Mazaheri et al, 2009Mazaheri et al, , 2013Masiol and Harrison, 2014;and references therein;Lobo et al, 2015), and the wind roses are also compatible with an origin in the airfield and the main LHR terminals (Figs. 3 and 4).…”

Section: K Means Cluster Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several studies report that particles in the nucleation range are emitted from aircraft engines (e.g. Anderson et al, 2005;Herndon et al, 2008;Kinsey et al, 2010;Mazaheri et al, 2009Mazaheri et al, , 2013Masiol and Harrison, 2014;Lobo et al, 2015Lobo et al, , 2012 as well as from other anthropogenic (e.g. Schneider et al, 2005;Chen et al, 2011;Cheung et al, 2012;Stevens et al, 2012;Kumar et al, 2013Kumar et al, , 2014Vu et al, 2015b) and natural (e.g.…”

Section: Warm Seasonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sources of sub-micrometre particles near a major international airport

Masiol

Harrison

et al. 2017

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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Abstract. The international airport of Heathrow is a major source of nitrogen oxides, but its contribution to the levels of sub-micrometre particles is unknown and is the objective of this study. Two sampling campaigns were carried out during warm and cold seasons at a site close to the airfield (1.2 km). Size spectra were largely dominated by ultrafine particles: nucleation particles (< 30 nm) were found to be ∼ 10 times higher than those commonly measured in urban background environments of London. Five clusters and six factors were identified by applying k means cluster analysis and positive matrix factorisation (PMF), respectively, to particle number size distributions; their interpretation was based on their modal structures, wind directionality, diurnal patterns, road and airport traffic volumes, and on the relationship with weather and other air pollutants. Airport emissions, fresh and aged road traffic, urban accumulation mode, and two secondary sources were then identified and apportioned. The fingerprint of Heathrow has a characteristic modal structure peaking at < 20 nm and accounts for 30-35 % of total particles in both the seasons. Other main contributors are fresh (24-36 %) and aged (16-21 %) road traffic emissions and urban accumulation from London (around 10 %). Secondary sources accounted for less than 6 % in number concentrations but for more than 50 % in volume concentration. The analysis of a strong regional nucleation event showed that both the cluster categorisation and PMF contributions were affected during the first 6 h of the event. In 2016, the UK government provisionally approved the construction of a third runway; therefore the direct and indirect impact of Heathrow on local air quality is expected to increase unless mitigation strategies are applied successfully.

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PM emissions measurements of in-service commercial aircraft engines during the Delta-Atlanta Hartsfield Study

Cited by 53 publications

References 39 publications

Evaluation of Non-volatile Particulate Matter Emission Characteristics of an Aircraft Auxiliary Power Unit with Varying Alternative Jet Fuel Blend Ratios

Evaluation of Non-volatile Particulate Matter Emission Characteristics of an Aircraft Auxiliary Power Unit with Varying Alternative Jet Fuel Blend Ratios

Application of a Hygroscopicity Tandem Differential Mobility Analyzer for characterizing PM Emissions in exhaust plumes from an Aircraft Engine burning Conventional and Alternative fuels

Sources of sub-micrometre particles near a major international airport

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