Emission Scenario Assessment of Gasohol Reformulation Proposals and Ethanol Use in the Metropolitan Area of São Paulo

Martins, Leila Droprinchinski; Andrade, Marcos

doi:10.2174/1874282300802010166

Cited by 14 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 18 publications

(21 reference statements)

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“…In two studies employing that model Vivanco and Andrade, 2006), the atmosphere of the MASP was found to have a high potential to form ozone and that the concentrations of nitrogen oxides (NO x ) in the official emissions inventory are twice as high as those that would be expected on the basis of modeling results and the concentrations measured at air quality monitoring stations. Important aspects of ozone formation in the MASP were studied by Martins et al (2006), who identified the main precursors of tropospheric ozone, and by Martins and Andrade (2008a), who demonstrated an increase in the reactivity of the ozone precursors in the region.…”

Section: Wwwfrontiersinorgmentioning

confidence: 99%

Air quality forecasting system for Southeastern Brazil

Andrade

Ynoue

Freitas

et al. 2015

Front. Environ. Sci.

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Southeastern Brazil, the most populous and developed region of the country, faces various environmental problems associated with the growth of its population in urban areas. It is the most industrialized area in the country, comprising the metropolitan areas of São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Belo Horizonte, and other major cities. Air quality is a major concern, because the reported concentrations of certain regulated pollutants, typically ozone and fine particulate, have exceeded national standards. Due to the difficulty in taking measurements over many different areas, air quality modeling is a useful tool to estimate air pollutant concentrations. For southeastern Brazil, air quality modeling has been performed mostly with the Brazilian Regional Atmospheric Modeling System with Simplified Photochemical Module and the Weather Research and Forecast with Chemistry models. One of the main objectives was to study the evolution of air quality associated with improved vehicle emission factors in urban areas, the impact of climate change on air quality, and the relationship between pollutant concentrations and health. Knowledge of mobile source emission factors has been continuously expanded by in-tunnel measurements and dynamometer protocols, which provide accurate data as inputs to photochemical air quality models. The spatial distribution of the mobile source emissions was constructed based on open access data related to the streets and traffic distribution. The mobile emission module was combined to the chemistry modeling and this implementation can be an example to be applied to other places that do not have a spatial distribution of this source. Forecasts of pollutant concentrations can inform public policies, including those addressing the effects of pollutants on health of the general population, and studies of the impacts of using different fuels and implementation of emissions regulations programs.

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Section: Wwwfrontiersinorgmentioning

confidence: 99%

Air quality forecasting system for Southeastern Brazil

Andrade

Ynoue

Freitas

et al. 2015

Front. Environ. Sci.

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“…It is considered that the chemical regime remains VOC-limited (Martins and Andrade, 2008a;Sánchez-Ccoyllo et al, 2006). Recent studies suggested that O3 concentrations can be reduced in MASP by shifting from ethanol to gasohol by flex-fuel cars (Martins and Andrade, 2008b), which has in fact been promoted by an increase of ethanol price in 2010 (Salvo and Geiger, 2014).…”

Section: Main Textmentioning

confidence: 99%

New directions: From biofuels to wood stoves: The modern and ancient air quality challenges in the megacity of São Paulo

Kumar

Andrade

Ynoue

et al. 2016

Atmospheric Environment

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Main TextA megacity typically refers to a metropolitan area with more than 10 million people. The number of megacities worldwide has increased from 8 in 1970 to 34 in 2016 with their total population exceeding 650 million (City Population, 2016). Air pollution, a consequence of increased population and urbanisation, is a common concern in megacities. Here we focus on the Metropolitan Area of São Paulo (MASP), which is the 5 th most populous urban region in the world and the second most populated region in Latin America (UN, 2014), making up ~10% of the total population of Brazil. With 21 million inhabitants and 8511 km 2 area (Fig. 1a), the MASP includes 38 metropolitan areas surrounding the city of São Paulo that has a population of 12 million (IBGE, 2016). What makes São Paulo distinctly different from all other megacities in the world is that its vehicle fleet operates exclusively on biofuel blends (sugarcane ethanol and soya diesel) in diesel, making it a unique biofuel-driven megacity. Yet, São Paulo's air quality face challenges to meet its national standards, which are relatively relaxed compared with the megacities of Asia (e.g., Delhi) or Europe (e.g., London). While the events of highly elevated concentrations of particulate matter (PM) are similarly common as in other megacities, the underlining factors responsible for them are unique to São Paulo and the questions are: (i) how can the air quality be improved considering that numerous interventions have already been taken in controlling emissions from vehicular fleet? (ii) how can the transportation system be transformed to make it emission-neutral? (iii) how the emissions from the main emitters such as the diesel trucks and buses can be reduced? and (iv) how the changes in the content of biofuel in diesel have influenced the exceedances and ozone formation? The aim of this paper is to propose answers to the above questions in the context of distinctness in the vehicle fleet, hitherto overlooked sources, underlining causes for pollution exceedances, and to suggest future directions and research needs to better understand and manage air quality of this unique megacity.Unique vehicle fleet and fuels it operates on: The MASP includes more than 7 million of road vehicles, with an average of 0.34 vehicles per inhabitant (CETESB, 2015). Light duty vehicles (LDVs), including private cars and taxis, dominate the traffic fleet with 85% share, followed by motorcycles (12%) and heavy duty vehicles (HDVs; 3%) (CETESB, 2013). The fleet of LDV, HDV and motorcycle have increased by 12.7, 10 and 9.6% between 2009 and 2012, respectively. The proportion of flexfuel vehicles that can run on ethanol or gasohol (gasoline with 25-27% ethanol) is increasing in MASP every day as 94% of vehicles sold in 2013 were flex-fuel (Posada and Façanha, 2015). Currently, the proportion of gasohol-driven LDVs is 55%, followed by flex-fuel vehicles (38%), ethanol (4%) and diesel (2%) (CETESB, 2012). To enable comparison, the relevant characteristics of the five world's largest megacitie...

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“…Simulation and optimization are also used, primarily to assess the potential impacts of a policy change. Notable examples include the effect of urban form on energy use for water systems [225], predicting greenhouse-gas emissions for a Japanese city [226,227], and the impact of transportation system changes [228][229][230][231][232].…”

Section: Case Studies Of What Work and What Doesn't In Urban Energymentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of urban energy system models: Approaches, challenges and opportunities

Keirstead

Jennings

Sivakumar

2012

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

523

238

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Energy use in cities has attracted significant research in recent years. However such a broad topic inevitably results in number of alternative interpretations of the problem domain and the modelling tools used in its study. This paper seeks to pull together these strands by proposing a theoretical definition of an urban energy system model and then evaluating the state of current practice. Drawing on a review of 219 papers, five key areas of practice were identified -technology design, building design, urban climate, systems design, and policy assessment -each with distinct and incomplete interpretations of the problem domain. We also highlight a sixth field, land use and transportation modelling, which has direct relevance to the use of energy in cities but has been somewhat overlooked by the literature to date.Despite their diversity, these approaches to urban energy system modelling share four common challenges in understanding model complexity, data quality and uncertainty, model integration, and policy relevance. We then examine the opportunities for improving current practice in urban energy systems * Corresponding author Email addresses: j.keirstead@imperial.ac.uk (James Keirstead), m.jennings09@imperial.ac.uk (Mark Jennings), a.sivakumar@imperial.ac.uk (Aruna Sivakumar) Preprint submitted to Renewable and Sustainable Energy ReviewsOctober 5, 2011modelling, focusing on the potential of sensitivity analysis and cloud computing, data collection and integration techniques, and the use of activity-based modelling as an integrating framework. The results indicate that there is significant potential for urban energy systems modelling to move beyond single disciplinary approaches towards a sophisticated integrated perspective that more fully captures the theoretical intricacy of urban energy systems.

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Emission Scenario Assessment of Gasohol Reformulation Proposals and Ethanol Use in the Metropolitan Area of São Paulo

Cited by 14 publications

References 18 publications

Air quality forecasting system for Southeastern Brazil

Air quality forecasting system for Southeastern Brazil

New directions: From biofuels to wood stoves: The modern and ancient air quality challenges in the megacity of São Paulo

A review of urban energy system models: Approaches, challenges and opportunities

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