Emission Characteristics of a Polyethylene Pheromone Dispenser for Mating Disruption of Codling Moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Brown, David F.; Knight, A. L.; Howell, J. F.; Sell, C. R.; Krysan, James L.; Weiss, M.

doi:10.1093/jee/85.3.910

Cited by 38 publications

(19 citation statements)

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“…To date, the minimum sex pheromone release rate for mating disruption remain unknown. Currently, the general release rate of codlemone for mating disruption is 0.6-41.6 μ g h −1 (100.8-6988.8 μ g wk −1 ) 20,21 , and this release rate was achieved using large numbers of dispensers, approximately 1000-2000 dispensers/ha 7 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The cultivars were K9 apple (orchard 1); K9 apple, 123 apple, and apple-pear (a common planted pear variety in China which has apple-like shape) (orchard 2); and 5DN pear (orchard 3). The average tree age was [19][20] years in all of the selected orchards, and the plant spacing and row spacing were 3 m and 4 m, respectively. 1-2 spray of beta cypermethrin (1-2 sprays) was applied to each orchard.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The optimal sex pheromone release rate for trapping the codling mothCydia pomonella(Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in the field

Xu¹

2016

2016 International Congress of Entomology

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For successful pest management, codlemone (E, E-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol) is widely used to monitor codling moth. The pheromone release rate is essential for the lure's attractiveness. The optimal sex pheromone release rate (V 0 ) for trapping codling moth was evaluated during 2013-2014. The overwinter generation V 0 was 6.7-33.4 μg wk −1 , and moth catches (MCs) were 0.82 ± 0.11 adults/trap/week; MCs for lower (V 1 ) and higher (V 2 ) release rates were 52.4% and 46.3%, respectively, of that for V 0 . The first generation V 0 was 18.4-29.6 μg wk The codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), is an important pome fruit pest all over the world and causes serious damage to apple (Malus domestica Borkhausen), pear (Pyrus communis L.) and walnut (Juglans regia L.) 1,2 . It is not only an invasive species but also an important quarantine pest in China. To date, the codling moth has been found in 7 provinces in China, including Xinjing, Gansu, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, Heilongjiang, Jilin and Liaoning, posing a grave threat to the two major apple production areas in China, Shandong and Shanxi provinces 3 . Trapping the male codling moth using its sex pheromone (codlemone, E, E-8, 10-dodecadien-1-ol) is the most successful technique for the monitoring of this species. The initial loading rate is an important criterion for the manufacture of dispensers and has been widely studied. A commonly used loading rate for codling moth monitoring is 1 mg sex pheromone [4][5][6] . However, the same loading rate may have different release rates due to the use of different dispenser materials and/or under different environmental conditions, leading to different trapping efficiencies. Therefore, the loading rate is not a reasonable criterion to use to evaluate whether a sex pheromone dispenser performs well. Whatever dispenser is used, the amount of sex pheromone released to the surrounding air per unit time (sex pheromone release rates) is the key factor that determines adult catches. The pheromone release rate that achieves maximum moth catches is termed the optimal sex pheromone release rate (V 0 ). V 0 can catch significantly more adults than lower (V 1 ) or higher (V 2 ) release rates.A previous study has reported the response of the codling moth to different release rates of codlemone in the field in its native distribution area, Spain. At a range of 11-1078 μ g d −1 (77-7546 μ g wk), the pheromone release rate of 11-67 μ g d −1 (77-469 μ g wk −1 ) achieved the maximum male catches 7 . However, as an invasive pest in China, the codling moth has experienced a long period of diffusion and dissemination, adapting to various ecological environments and diversified host plants, which leads to different V 0 for its trapping. In addition, the previous study 7 did not use pheromone release rates < 77 μ g wk −1 and did not consider studying different generations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The optimal sex pheromone release rate for trapping the codling mothCydia pomonella(Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in the field

Xu¹

2016

2016 International Congress of Entomology

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“…9.1). The original Isomate-C dispenser was a clear polyethylene tube characterized by a rapid reduction in its emission rate and increased degradation of the pheromone when placed in full sunlight (Brown et a!., 1992). A number of factors were known to influence the performance ofMD for codling moth, such as dispenser characteristics, pest population density and an orchard's isolation and topography (Charmillot, 1990).…”

Section: Constraints In Developing Areawide CM Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Secondly, new pest problems developed in many orchards that required the application of additional sprays, further disrupting the implementation of IPM and raising the new programme's overall cost (Knight, 1995a;Gut and Brunner, 1998). Thirdly, the performance of the early dispensers was poor as the sex pheromones were not well protected and their emission rates were not adequate late in the season (Brown et at., 1992;. Perhaps not surprisingly, a significant proportion of growers initially adopting the use ofMD dropped out of the IPM programme prior to 1995 (Howell and Britt, 1994).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Codling moth areawide integrated pest management.

Knight¹

2008

Areawide Pest Management: Theory and Implementation

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The 5-year CAMP (Codling Moth [Cydia pomonella] Areawide Management Program) was the first of the areawide programmes initiated by USDA. The goal of this programme was to implement, assess, research and educate the industry about promising new IPM technologies. CAMP was highly successful in fuelling the rapid adoption of a new paradigm in orchard pest management that resulted in significant reductions in fruit injury using nearly 80% less broad-spectrum insecticides. Several factors have contributed to the success of the CAMP programme. These can be grouped into two categories: (i) operational - the availability of several effective and selective tactics for both the key and secondary pests backed by technical support; and (ii) organizational - well-funded, coordinated programmes directly involving growers, researchers, industry leaders and governmental administrators. The lesson learned from the CAMP programme is that pest management is similar to rocket science and requires attention, experience and skill to be effective. Dissemination of knowledge and coordination of actions by individual growers have been shown to improve pest management, and offer tremendous benefits to society. Future efforts should focus on how similar, grower-based organizations can be developed and sustained.

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“…There are several successful commercial formulations made of polyethylene tubes, cotton rolls, ropes, or bags baited with pheromones (Brown et al 1992;Suckling 2000;Johansson et al 2001). However, problems may arise when the matrix does not preserve the pheromone and allows either too high a release that exhausts the dispenser too soon, or too low a release that is less than optimal primarily depending on the volatility of the components.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of sol–gel formulations for slow release of pheromones

Zada¹,

Falach²,

Byers

2009

Chemoecology

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A new type of dispenser for slow-release of sex pheromones and other semiochemicals was developed based on sol-gel polymers that can be useful for monitoring, mass trapping, and mating disruption in integrated pest management (IPM). Sol-gel matrices exhibit glass characteristics and allow control of the degree of crosslinking during the polymerization process in order to provide an optimal release rate for a particular pheromone. The advantages of sol-gel (silica) matrixes include keeping the added molecules chemically stable and enabling the sol-gel material to be applied in any desired thickness and pheromone quantity, and thereby readily modify release rates. In addition, sol-gels are primarily silica and water that are common in the environment and therefore safe for field dispensing. We developed a method for the entrapment of pheromones in sol-gel matrices that allowed release at an almost constant rate over many days in the field. For example, 2.5 mg (E)-5-decenyl acetate pheromone of peach twig borer, Anarsia lineatella, entrapped in various sol-gel formulations released 14-45 lg/day for up to 28 days. The codling moth (Cydia pomonella) pheromone in sol-gels was used in field tests to capture more codling moth males than unbaited control traps. We describe how the method may be modified to entrap other types of pheromones by making sol-gels with different pore sizes.

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Emission Characteristics of a Polyethylene Pheromone Dispenser for Mating Disruption of Codling Moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Cited by 38 publications

References 0 publications

The optimal sex pheromone release rate for trapping the codling mothCydia pomonella(Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in the field

The optimal sex pheromone release rate for trapping the codling mothCydia pomonella(Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in the field

Codling moth areawide integrated pest management.

Development of sol–gel formulations for slow release of pheromones

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