Emigration From the British Isles to the U.S.A. in 1841: Part II. Who Were The English Emigrants?

Erickson, Charlotte

doi:10.1080/0032472031000144366

Cited by 13 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…Faini and Venturini (1994) show that increasing income at home accounted for much of the surge in Italian emigration after the 1870s, especially after the turn of the century. Such findings are consistent with micro-level evidence that in the early stages of the emigration life cycle migrants were not the poorest but those with skills and resources (Erickson 1990;Wegge 1998). 1 Such findings are also consistent with the fact that early emigration stages usually involved short moves to neighboring countries which were less costly than a transatlantic passage.…”

Section: The Emigration Life Cyclesupporting

confidence: 88%

Are Third World Emigration Forces Abating?

Hatton

Williamson

2011

World Development

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While most observers appear to believe that Third World emigration pressure is on the rise, history suggests that migration typically follows a bell shape, in which case it might not be. This paper estimates the economic and demographic fundamentals driving emigration from the developing world to the United States since 1970. The results suggest that emigration pressure, determined largely by source country demographics, education, poverty and migrant stock dynamics, has been abating. Projections into the future suggest that it may even decline, and that its composition will be much more African and much less Hispanic.

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Section: The Emigration Life Cyclesupporting

confidence: 88%

Are Third World Emigration Forces Abating?

Hatton

Williamson

2011

World Development

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“…At a time when emigrant passages were relatively expensive and the journey was long and arduous, family units dominated. 20 Poor people did emigrate, some in large family groups, but the process was difficult, as the following report in the Cambridge Chronicle shows: This contrasts with notions of chain migration, with families staggering their emigration over time and exercising more direct control over choosing an ideal time for their departure.…”

Section: 5mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Both Van Vugt and Erickson have found that farmers travelled in larger groups than labourers. 20 Poor people did emigrate, some in large family groups, but the process was difficult, as the following report in the Cambridge Chronicle shows:…”

Section: IImentioning

confidence: 99%

Emigration and the New Poor Law: The Norfolk Emigration Fever of 1836

Howells

2000

Rural History

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In 1836 under the auspices of section 62 of the New Poor Law, 3,069 poor people from Norfolk were assisted to emigrate to North America. Their passages, and various other requirements including spending money, travel to the port, equipment for the voyage and settling of debts, were paid for out of the poor rates. The rationale for this outflow of people revolved around the issue of surplus labour, which was believed to have a corrosive and unsettling effect upon the state of rural society. Emigration had long been seen as a potential safety valve for surplus labour. Clause 62 can be traced back to the vigorous debate about assisted emigration associated with Robert Wilmot Horton. 2 For one emigration season, it looked as if parochial government were capable of rising to the challenge of solving its surplus labour problems and simultaneously satisfying the needs of the labour-hungry British colonies. This paper examines the Norfolk emigration fever by using a previously unused data set of nineteenth-century emigration (Ministry of Health files held at the Public Record Office). It argues that assisted emigration was the result of a concerted rational policy, applied by the parish officers aimed to benefit emigrants and those left behind. The policy was neither haphazard nor accidental and, though inspired by fear of the consequences of implementing the New Poor Law, was not a panicked response. It argues that the arrangements for assisted emigration resulted in a process of interchange and interaction between rich and poor which makes a mockery of the term 'shovelling out paupers'. 3 The poor emigrants who were targeted were assisted because they were good labourers, not useless indigents incapable of providing for themselves. The findings shed further light on the nature of emigrating populations, the emigratory process and the mindset of both rich and poor at the time of the introduction of the New Poor Law.

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“…As shown by Table 3 If the first observed enrolment rate is low, as it is the case in Mexico and Finland, then the measurement error will be of modest magnitude. Indeed, enrollment has likely remained at very low levels between 1820 and the first observation 8 . If the first observed enrolment rate is high, as it is the case in Canada and Scandinavia, then the measurement error can be much higher.…”

Section: Education In Emigration Countriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Greenwood (2007) has looked at the age composition of US immigration and found that the majority of migrants came from countries with a significant share of the labor force in the primary sector and also with relatively low birth rates. Baily (1983) and Erickson (1990) looked at the occupation of migrant workers.…”

Section: Education Of Migrantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

American education in the age of mass migrations 1870–1930

Murtin

Viarengo

2009

Cliometrica

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Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen:Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden.Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen.Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. Terms of use: Documents in American Education in the Age of Mass Migrations 1870-1930Fabrice Murtin Martina Viarengo The Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) in Bonn is a local and virtual international research center and a place of communication between science, politics and business. IZA is an independent nonprofit organization supported by Deutsche Post Foundation. The center is associated with the University of Bonn and offers a stimulating research environment through its international network, workshops and conferences, data service, project support, research visits and doctoral program. IZA engages in (i) original and internationally competitive research in all fields of labor economics, (ii) development of policy concepts, and (iii) dissemination of research results and concepts to the interested public. D I S C U S S I O N P A P E R S E R I E SIZA Discussion Papers often represent preliminary work and are circulated to encourage discussion. Citation of such a paper should account for its provisional character. A revised version may be available directly from the author. , which take into account the impact of mass migrations on the US educational level. We reconstruct the foreign-born US population by age and by country of origin, while combining data on the flow of migrants by country and the age pyramids of migrants by country. Then we use original data on educational attainment in the nineteenth century presented in Morrisson and Murtin (2008) in order to estimate the educational level of US immigrants by age and by country. As a result, our series are consistent with the first national estimates of average schooling in 1940. We show that mass migrations have had a significant but modest impact on the US average educational attainment. However, the educational gap between US natives and immigrants was large and increased with the second immigration wave, a phenomenon that most likely fostered the implementation of restrictive immigration rules in the 1920s.JEL Classification: I2, J24, N70, O1

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Emigration From the British Isles to the U.S.A. in 1841: Part II. Who Were The English Emigrants?

Cited by 13 publications

References 0 publications

Are Third World Emigration Forces Abating?

Are Third World Emigration Forces Abating?

Emigration and the New Poor Law: The Norfolk Emigration Fever of 1836

American education in the age of mass migrations 1870–1930

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