Emfaas ja fookus eesti keeles

Abstract

Artiklis tutvustatakse uurimust, mille eesmärk on selgitada välja lauselõpulist kitsast fookust laiast fookusest eristava emfaatilise primaarse lauserõhu akustilised korrelaadid eesti keeles. Tähenduseristust kandvat emfaasi vaadeldakse ka lause eelviimasel sõnal, kus selle realiseerumist ei mõjuta prosoodilise piiri korrelaadid. Uurimus täiendab varasemat uurimust, milles testiti emfaasi korrelaate piirieelses positsioonis. Uurimuse tulemusena leitakse, et piirieelses positsioonis ebaoluliseks osutunud põhitooniga seotud korrelaadid on mittepiirieelses kontekstis osaliselt olulised. Mõlemas kontekstis on oluline sihtsõna suhteline intensiivsus lauses. Lisaks vaadeldakse, kuidas emfaasi peamiseks korrelaadiks osutunud pikenemine sõnas realiseerub ning suhestub väldet signaliseerivate kestussuhetega jalas. Leitakse, et mittepiirieelses kontekstis toimub pikenemine kestussuhetele vastavalt (esimeses ja teises vältes) või seda suurendades ja vältetunnust võimendades (kolmandas vältes). Piirieelses positsioonis on emfaatiline pikenemine esimeses vältes kestussuhtele vastav, teises ja kolmandas vältes aga suurendab seda.Abstract. Heete Sahkai, Meelis Mihkla, and Mari-Liis Kalvik: Emphasis and focus in Estonian. The paper examines the acoustic correlates of the emphatic nuclear accent that differentiates sentence-final narrow focus from broad focus in Estonian. The emphatic accent is also examined in pre-final position, where it is not affected by a prosodic boundary. The study complements a previous study testing the potential correlates of emphasis in pre-boundary context. The results show that F0-related correlates, which are not significant in final position, are partly significant pre-finally. A significant feature in both contexts is the relative intensity of the emphatic word in the clause. The study confirms lengthening as the primary correlate of emphasis and examines its realisation and interaction with the duration relations in the foot, which are the correlates of the Estonian three-way quantity distinction. The lengthening is mostly found either to correspond to the characteristic duration ratio of the quantity degree, or to increase it.Keywords: Estonian, focus, sentence stress, emphasis, duration, fundamental frequency, intensity, the Estonian quantity

The prosody of surprise questions in Estonian

“…Additionally, the average pitch contour of mida -SQs shown in Figure 5 (middle panel) suggests that the wh-phrase of mida -SQs can receive an emphatic pre-nuclear accent. SQs also contained more upstepped accents, which can likewise be associated with emphasis in Estonian (Sahkai, Mihkla & Kalvik 2015). All these prosodic characteristics convey the emotional expressivity of SQs.…”

“…Upstepped pitch accents are usually associated with emphasis marking, e.g. to signal narrow focus as opposed to broad focus (Sahkai, Mihkla & Kalvik 2015). An upstepped nuclear ^H*þL is characteristic of polar questions (Asu 2004).…”

Acoustic correlates of primary word stress in Estonian

“…The Estonian quantity system comprises three quantity degrees realised through a binary length distinction at segmental level in combination with three distinct duration ratios of stressed and unstressed syllables at foot level, e.g., ude [uteˑ] 'down', uude [uːte] 'innovation', uude [uːːtĕ] 'new.ill.sg' (for an overview see Metslang et al 2023: 74-81;Asu et al 2016;Lippus et al 2013;Prillop 2013;Lehiste 1960). On the phrasal level, duration is employed in preboundary lengthening (Plüschke & Harrington 2013;Krull 1997), as the primary dynamic correlate of phrasal stress (Lehiste 1968(Lehiste , 1970Mihkla & Sahkai 2017), and as the primary correlate of emphatic phrasal stress distinguishing narrow focus from broad focus (Suomi et al 2013;Mihkla et al 2015;Sahkai et al 2015). Measurements have shown that both pre-boundary lengthening (Plüschke & Harrington 2013) and lengthening as a correlate of non-emphatic (Lehiste 1968(Lehiste , 1970 and emphatic (Sahkai et al 2015) phrasal stress apply in a way that preserves the characteristic foot-level duration ratios of the three quantity degrees.…”

des-, mata- ja maks-konverbitarindi inforoll

“…Artiklis vaatlesin konverbitarindit kirjakeeles, kus infostruktuur avaldub eeskätt sõnajärjes. Et infostruktuuril on olulised foneetilised korrelaadid (Sahkai, Mihkla & Kalvik 2015, Mihkla & Sahkai 2017, väärivad edaspidi uurimist suulise keele konverbitarindid. Samuti puudutas artikkel mitut teemat, mis väärivad lähemat uurimist: konverbitarindi inforolli seos tarindi sisemise infostruktuuriga, süntaktilise ja semantilise funktsiooni seos inforolliga ning infostruktuuri seos verbi asukoha ja kirjavahemärgistusega.…”