Emerging Urate-Lowering Drugs and Pharmacologic Treatment Strategies for Gout: A Narrative Review

Sustained xanthine oxidase inhibitor treat to target urate lowering therapy rewires a tight inflammation serum protein interactome

“…1A) (4,14). Cells were treated with and without the selective XOI febuxostat, since allopurinol non-selectively inhibits both purine and pyrimidine metabolism (29). We rst identi ed signi cantly altered proteins between untreated and IL-1β-treated macrophages (mock gouty in ammation group) in vitro, with 32 proteins found to be signi cantly altered in response to IL-1b (Fig.…”

Adsorption of DNA and Aptamers to Sodium Urate Crystals and Inhibition of Crystal Growth

“…Gout arises from a high uric acid (UA) concentration due to abnormal purine metabolism, frequently manifested as acute gouty arthritis and hyperuricemia. − Facilitated by certain physiological conditions, elevated levels of UA precipitate via in vivo crystallization, forming sodium urate or other urate salt crystals . Among different types of urate crystals, sodium urate is the most prevalent in humans. , The deposition of these insoluble, acicular crystals within joints and tissues triggers the development of acute gouty arthritis. − Currently, pharmacological interventions available for gout management fail to efficiently degrade UA or impede the crystallization of sodium urate, and they often present adverse side effects. , Patients with severe symptoms may require surgical interventions, although such measures do not preclude recurrence …”

Biomimetic Integrated Nanozyme for Flare and Recurrence of Gouty Arthritis

“…Unfortunately, the onset of GA is cyclical, typically manifesting in the early morning or midnight, marked by excruciating pain and a high recurrence rate [4] . However, a definitive cure for GA remains elusive, and current clinical interventions predominantly focus on relieving inflammation in the acute stage (such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, glucocorticoids and colchicine) and long-term uric acid lowering therapy (such as xanthine oxidase inhibitors, uric acid excretory drugs and recombinant uric acid enzyme preparations) [5] , [6] , [7] , [8] . Nevertheless, the side effects of these drugs cannot be ignored [ 9 , 10 ], highlighting the urgent clinical need for medications that simultaneously address inflammation and uric acid.…”

“…The Platinum (Pt) nanozyme is a metallic material showcasing diverse catalytic activities, encompassing CAT, SOD [ 19 , [56] , [57] , [58] , [59] ], POD [60] , [61] , [62] , [63] , UOD [52] , [53] , [54] , ascorbate oxidase [64] , polyphenol oxidase (PPO) [ 19 , 65 ], among others. In addition to the general advantages of nanozymes, the straightforward preparation and effective UOD-like activity of Pt nanozyme present a promising solution to the challenges associated with recombinant UOD [ 7 , [66] , [67] , [68] , [69] ]. Moreover, the metabolism of uric acid consumes O 2 and produces a byproduct, H 2 O 2 , consequently promoting inflammation.…”