Emerging Two-Dimensional Materials-Based Electrochemical Sensors for Human Health and Environment Applications

Abstract

Two-dimensional materials (2DMs) have been vastly studied for various electrochemical sensors. Among these, the sensors that are directly related to human life and health are extremely important. Owing to their exclusive properties, 2DMs are vastly studied for electrochemical sensing. Here we have provided a selective overview of 2DMs-based electrochemical sensors that directly affect human life and health. We have explored graphene and its derivatives, transition metal dichalcogenide and MXenes-based electrochemical sensors for applications such as glucose detection in human blood, detection of nitrates and nitrites, and sensing of pesticides. We believe that the areas discussed here are extremely important and we have summarized the prominent reports on these significant areas together. We believe that our work will be able to provide guidelines for the evolution of electrochemical sensors in the future.

Selective and Accurate Detection of Nitrate in Aquaculture Water with Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) Using Gold Nanoparticles Decorated with β-Cyclodextrins

“…Therefore, it is not suitable for the detection of complex water environments. Recently, some electrochemical [ 7 , 8 ] and optical [ 9 , 10 ] detection methods have been increasingly reported for nitrate detection in water. Electrochemical sensors represent the most widely used and mature technology in this domain.…”

Metal oxide-based electrochemical sensors for pesticide detection in water and food samples: a review

“…The advent of chemical pesticides has signicantly enhanced agricultural crop yields in recent decades. [2][3][4] Moreover, the uncontrolled and excessive use of pesticides has resulted in food contamination and environmental, aquatic, and agricultural pollution. Vegetables, fruits, processed foods, air, soil, and water are some of the sources of pesticide residues that can enter the food chain.…”

Highly Sensitive Graphene-Based Electrochemical Sensor for Nitrite Assay in Waters

“…To create electrochemical sensors with increased sensitivity and accuracy for nitrite detection, different nanomaterials have been embedded on electrode surfaces: nickel/PDDA/reduced graphene oxide [27], Ag-Fe 3 O 4 -graphene oxide magnetic nanocomposites [28], Fe 3 O 4 -reduced graphene oxide composite [29], metalorganic framework derived rod-like Co@carbon [30], La-based perovskite-type lanthanum aluminate nanorod-incorporated graphene oxide nanosheets [31], cobalt oxide decorated reduced graphene oxide and carbon nanotubes [32], gold-copper nanochain network [33], carbon nanotube (CNTs), chitosan and iron (II) phtalocyanine (C 32 H 16 FeN 8 ) composite [34]; gold nanoparticles/chitosan/MXenes nanocomposite [35], worm-like gold nanowires and assembled carbon nanofibers-CVD graphene hybrid [36]; photochemically-made gold nanoparticles [37], or graphene nanoparticles [38]. Among these, the special properties of graphene are unequivocal and long-time recognized [39], justifying their extensive applicability and usage in sensors technology [40,41].…”