Emerging trends in bioenergy harvesters for chronic powered implants

Adv Healthcare Materials

Closson

Jin

et al. 2020

Self Cite

Biomedical self‐sustainable energy generation represents a new frontier of power solution for implantable biomedical devices (IMDs), such as cardiac pacemakers. However, almost all reported cardiac energy harvesting designs have not yet reached the stage of clinical translation. A major bottleneck has been the need of additional surgeries for the placements of these devices. Here, integrated piezoelectric‐based energy harvesting and sensing designs are reported, which can be seamlessly incorporated into existing IMDs for ease of clinical translation. In vitro experiments validate the energy harvesting process by simulating the bending and twisting motion during heart cycle. Clinical translation is demonstrated in four porcine hearts in vivo under various conditions. Energy harvesting strategy utilizes pacemaker leads as a means of reducing the reliance on batteries and demonstrates the charging ability for extending the lifetime of a pacemaker battery by 20%, which provides a promising self‐sustainable energy solution for IMDs. The additional self‐powered blood pressure sensing is discussed, and the reported results demonstrate the potential in alerting arrhythmias by monitoring the right ventricular pressure variations. This combined cardiac energy harvesting and blood pressure sensing strategy provides a multifunctional, transformative while practical power and diagnosis solution for cardiac pacemakers and next generation of IMDs.

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multifunctional Pacemaker Lead for Cardiac Energy Harvesting and Pressure Sensing

Adv Healthcare Materials

Closson

Jin

et al. 2020

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“…With the advances in low power consumption for implantable biomedical devices, there is a growing interest to make them self‐sustainable by having their own renewable power supply. Harvesting energy in the body has become increasingly attractive as a means to convert various in vivo energy sources into electrical power due to the sufficient powering ability .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Piezoelectric Buckled Beam Array on a Pacemaker Lead for Energy Harvesting

Adv Materials Technologies

Chen

Liu

et al. 2018

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Self‐sustainable energy generation represents a new frontier to significantly extend the lifetime and effectiveness of implantable biomedical devices. In this work, a piezoelectric energy harvester design is employed to utilize the bending of the lead of a cardiac pacemaker or defibrillator for generating electrical energy with minimal risk of interfering with cardiovascular functions. The proposed energy harvester combines flexible porous polyvinylidene fluoride–trifluoroethylene thin film with a buckled beam array design for potentially harvesting energy from cardiac motion. Systematic in vitro experimental evaluations are performed by considering complex parameters in practical implementations. Under various mechanical inputs and boundary conditions, the maximum electrical output of this energy harvester yields an open circuit voltage (peak to peak) of 4.5 V and a short circuit current (peak to peak) of 200 nA, and that energy is sufficient to self‐power a typical pacemaker for 1 d. A peak power output of 49 nW is delivered at an optimal resistor load of 50 MΩ. The scalability of the design is also discussed, and the reported results demonstrate the energy harvester's capability of providing significant electrical energy directly from the motions of pacemaker leads, suggesting a paradigm for biomedical energy harvesting in vivo.

“…Given the advances in low power consumption in implantable biomedical devices (such as 0.3 µW for cardiac activity sensing, 10–100 µW for pacemakers, 100–2000 µW for cochlear implant, and 1–10 mW for neural recording), it is desirable to make them self‐sustainable by having their own renewable power supply. One promising way to provide this alternative power source is by means of energy harvesting, i.e., to convert the source energy to electrical energy in order to power implantable biomedical devices.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flexible Porous Piezoelectric Cantilever on a Pacemaker Lead for Compact Energy Harvesting

Adv Materials Technologies

Han

Xü

et al. 2018

Self Cite

ventricular dysrhythmias, and congestive heart failure. [1] Currently, lithium-based batteries provide the power for operations of implantable biomedical devices, such as cardiac pacemakers and AICD. Although the advances in microelectronics technology reduce the internal current drain concurrently allowing for a smaller volume and greater reliability of implantable biomedical devices, the batteries used in those devices only have a few years operating lifetime. Patients are still exposed to health risks associated with doing periodic surgeries to replace the depleted lithium-based batteries of the implantable biomedical devices. Therefore, energy consumption and battery replacement are key to the lifetime and effectiveness of implantable biomedical devices. This work represents an effort in tackling the challenges in extending the lifetime of the batteries for such biomedical devices as cardiac pacemakers and AICDs.Given the advances in low power consumption in implantable biomedical devices (such as 0.3 µW for cardiac activity sensing, [2] 10-100 µW for pacemakers, [3,4] 100-2000 µW for cochlear implant, [5] and 1-10 mW for neural recording [6] ), it is desirable to make them self-sustainable by having their own renewable power supply. One promising way to provide this alternative power source is by means of energy harvesting, i.e., to convert the source energy to electrical energy in order to power implantable biomedical devices. Emerging new approaches on energy harvesting for powering biomedical devices are discussed in the literature. [7][8][9][10][11] In recent development, in vivo studies have been conducted to further advance the energy harvesting capabilities of these devices in living systems. [12,13] For example, a piezoelectric energy harvesting device using single crystalline (1-x) Pb(Mg 1/3 Nb 2/3 )O 3-x PbTiO 3 (PMN-PT) was implanted into the heart of a live rat and the device was then used to show functional electrical stimulation of the heart. [14] Heartbeats of pigs were also used to power wireless communication systems, [15] of which the integration with energy harvesting devices would allow for further implementation into implantable medical devices. Moreover, implantable triboelectric nanogenerators (iTENG) have been employed to convert the mechanical energy from the contraction from breathing of a rat to electricity, which was then used to power a pacemaker. [16] In another application, Self-sustainable energy generation represents a new frontier to greatly extend the lifetime and effectiveness of implantable biomedical devices, such as cardiac pacemakers and defibrillators. However, there is a lack of promising technologies which can efficiently convert the mechanical energy of the beating heart to electrical energy with minimal risk of interfering with the cardiovascular functions. Here a unique design is presented based on existing pacemaker leads tailored for compact energy harvesting. This new design incorporates flexible porous polyvinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene thin film withi...