Emerging Treatment Strategies for Diabetes Mellitus and Associated Complications: An Update

Abstract

The occurrence of diabetes mellitus (DM) is increasing rapidly at an accelerating rate worldwide. The status of diabetes has changed over the last three generations; whereas before it was deemed a minor disease of older people but currently it is now one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality among middle-aged and young people. High blood glucose-mediated functional loss, insulin sensitivity, and insulin deficiency lead to chronic disorders such as Type 1 and Type 2 DM. Traditional treatments of DM, such as insulin sensitization and insulin secretion cause undesirable side effects, leading to patient incompliance and lack of treatment. Nanotechnology in diabetes studies has encouraged the development of new modalities for measuring glucose and supplying insulin that hold the potential to improve the quality of life of diabetics. Other therapies, such as β-cells regeneration and gene therapy, in addition to insulin and oral hypoglycemic drugs, are currently used to control diabetes. The present review highlights the nanocarrier-based drug delivery systems and emerging treatment strategies of DM.

Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy

“…Traditional DM treatment, which can interfere with insulin sensitization and secretion, in addition to causing undesirable side effects [ 12 ], fails to prevent and/or treat cardiac remodeling. In recent years, cell therapy is one approach that has been used mainly due to its paracrine action, producing immunomodulation and anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activities.…”

Mechanism and recent updates on insulin-related disorders

“…In addition, to understand the newer mechanism of diabetes, scientists are also trying to explore novel therapeutic strategies for diabetes. Besides currently available anti-diabetic therapy (biguanides, sulfonylureas, thiazolidinediones, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide 1 analogs, and sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors), nowadays some newer anti-diabetic treatment strategies (oral hypoglycemics incorporated nanocarriers, insulin pump, pancreatic islet cell transplantation, artificial pancreas, tissue engineering, gene therapy, and stem cell therapy) are in emerging stage[ 27 ].…”

RSSDI Clinical Practice Recommendations for the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus 2022

“…Support system, easy regimens & economy always have consideration. Besides the advice on lifestyle, pharmacotherapy with oral antidiabetic drugs (OADs) 1282 is an important part of diabetic management. The following table illustrates the advantages and disadvantages of different OADs,…”