Emerging Technologies for the Electrochemical Detection of Bacteria

Abstract

Infections are a huge economic liability to the health care system, although real‐time detection can allow early treatment protocols to avoid some of this cost and patient morbidity and mortality. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) is a drug‐resistant gram‐negative bacterium found ubiquitously in clinical settings, accounting for up to 27% of hospital acquired infections. PA secretes a vast array of molecules, ranging from secondary metabolites to quorum sensing molecules, of which many can be exploited to monitor bacterial presence. In addition to electrochemical immunoassays to sense bacteria via antigen–antibody interactions, PA pertains a distinct redox‐active virulence factor called pyocyanin (PYO), allowing a direct electrochemical detection of the bacteria. There has been a surge of publications relating to the electrochemical tracing of PA via a myriad of novel biosensing techniques, materials, and methodologies. In addition to indirect methods, research approaches where PYO has been sensitively detected using surface modified electrodes are reviewed and compared with conventional PA‐sensing methodologies. This review aims at presenting indirect and direct electrochemical methods currently developed using various surface modified electrodes, materials, and electrochemical configurations on their electrocatalytic effects on sensing of PA and in particular PYO.

Systematic evaluation of IgG responses to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-derived peptides for monitoring COVID-19 patients

“…These results indicate that the sensitivity of S2-78 IgG might be further evaluated when increasing the antigen concentration or adopting more sensitive platforms for detection, such as electrochemical platforms or single-molecule detection technologies. 31,32 In fact, we also performed S1-based ELISAs using a commercial kit with the same set of samples, and the overall performance of the S2-78 IgGbased ELISA was comparable to that of the commercial kits (data not shown).…”

Systematic evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein derived peptides for diagnosis of COVID-19 patients

“…However, because it is hard to ensure extremely high purity when purifying recombinant proteins, the background of S1 IgG for control group is also higher than that of peptides. These results imply the sensitivity of S2-78 IgG might be further evaluated when raise the antigen concentration or adopt a more sensitive platform for detection, such as electrochemical platform or single-molecule detection technologies[28,29]. Indeed, we also performed S1 based ELISA assay by a commercial kit with the same set of samples, the overall performance of S2-78 IgG based ELISA is comparable to that of the commercial kits (data not shown).…”

Electrochemical Detection of Pyocyanin as a Biomarker for Pseudomonas aeruginosa: A Focused Review

“…Several reviews have covered the general electrochemical detection of common pathogens, including PA [ 10 , 11 , 12 ]. However, to date, there has been no review of the numerous attempts of pyocyanin detection, nor of associated clinical and research applications.…”