Emerging SARS-CoV-2 Variants: A Review of Its Mutations, Its Implications and Vaccine Efficacy

Ramesh, Sindhu; Govindarajulu, Manoj; Parise, Rachel; Neel, Logan; Shankar, Tharanath; Patel, Sagar P.; Lowery, Payton; Smith, Forrest; Dhanasekaran, Muralikrishnan; Moore, Timothy

doi:10.3390/vaccines9101195

Cited by 107 publications

(107 citation statements)

References 187 publications

(181 reference statements)

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“…Thus, those results indicate the high efficacy of the booster dose. In addition, it is also important to remember about the cellular response that is produced by vaccinations in the form of SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells that are involved in fighting the disease, and that the booster dose causes an increase in their titer [37][38][39].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Attitudes of Poles towards the COVID-19 Vaccine Booster Dose: An Online Survey in Poland

Babicki

Mastalerz-Migas

2022

Vaccines

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Introduction: COVID-19 vaccination has now become the most effective way to combat the pandemic, but there is a gradual decline in the protection that it offers over time. Therefore, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and EMA now recommend the use of the so-called booster dose, especially in at-risk groups. The purpose of the study was to assess the attitudes of Poles towards the recommendation to receive a booster dose of the COVID-19 vaccine and to evaluate the main reasons for refusing or delaying the decision. Material and methods: The study was based on a proprietary questionnaire distributed via the Internet. There were 1598 respondents, 54 of which did not consent to participate in the survey and/or did not complete the vaccination against SARS-CoV-2. As a result, 1528 surveys were included in the final analysis. The vast majority of the respondents, namely 1275 (83.4%), were female, and 772 (50.5%) were residents of cities with a population of over 250,000. Results: Out of all respondents, 38 (2.5%) had already received the COVID-19 vaccine booster dose and 1031 (67.4%) would like to receive it as soon as possible. Forty-five (2.9%) respondents reported that they were completely unwilling to take the booster dose. The occurrence of adverse events after primary vaccination were reported by 79.9% of the survey participants. The most common reasons why the respondents refused to be vaccinated are lack of confidence in the effectiveness of the booster dose and the occurrence of adverse events in them or their loved ones. Age, gender, residence, or relationship status were not shown to affect attitudes towards the expansion of the basic vaccination schedule. Conclusions: One in three respondents plans to delay or refrain from taking the COVID-19 vaccine booster dose. The main reason for refusal to be vaccinated is the belief that the previous vaccination provides sufficient protection.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Attitudes of Poles towards the COVID-19 Vaccine Booster Dose: An Online Survey in Poland

Babicki

Mastalerz-Migas

2022

Vaccines

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“…This disease is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a virus of the Coronaviridae family, which infects animals and humans [2,3]. Since December 2020, variants of the original SARS-CoV-2 have been identified, which have a significant public health impact, with changes the disease transmissibility and have potential risk to decrease the efficacy of the methods of prevention of contagion especially the efficacy of vaccines [4][5][6]. Although these variants have been described in multiple regions, many of them have developed in developing countries.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 Variants in the World: How Could This Happen?

Parra-Lucares

Segura

Rojas

et al. 2022

Life

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The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant global impact, with more than 280,000,000 people infected and 5,400,000 deaths. The use of personal protective equipment and the anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination campaigns have reduced infection and death rates worldwide. However, a recent increase in infection rates has been observed associated with the appearance of SARS-CoV-2 variants, including the more recently described lineage B.1.617.2 (Delta variant) and lineage B.1.1.529/BA.1 (Omicron variant). These new variants put the effectiveness of international vaccination at risk, with the appearance of new outbreaks of COVID-19 throughout the world. This emergence of new variants has been due to multiple predisposing factors, including molecular characteristics of the virus, geographic and environmental conditions, and the impact of social determinants of health that favor the genetic diversification of SARS-CoV-2. We present a literature review on the most recent information available on the emergence of new variants of SARS-CoV-2 in the world. We analyzed the biological, geographical, and sociocultural factors that favor the development of these variants. Finally, we evaluate the surveillance strategies for the early detection of new variants and prevent their distribution outside these regions.

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“…As long-lasting B-cell and T-cell immunity to SARS-CoV-2 is established by vaccination globally, we do not have far to go to bring the pandemic under control. To achieve this goal, there is still much to do regarding booster doses, dosing intervals, and duration of vaccine immunity against variants of concern ( 132 ).…”

Section: Current Prevention and Treatments For Covid-19mentioning

confidence: 99%