Emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in human milk from Sweden and China

Awad, Raed; Zhou, Yihui; Nyberg, Elisabeth; Namazkar, Shahla; Wu, Yongning; Xiao, Qitao; Sun, Yaije; Zhu, Zhiliang; Bergman, Åke; Benskin, Jonathan P.

doi:10.1039/d0em00077a

Cited by 72 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 47 publications

(57 reference statements)

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“…The within-laboratory reproducibility ( n = 21) for each spiking level was mostly lower than 30% except for PFDoA with % RSD of 34 at the lowest spiking level of 5 ng kg −1 ( Table 2 ). The mean concentrations of PFAS reported in SRM 1954 using this method were consistent with those reported by Awad et al 2020, Keller et al 2010 and Nyberg et al 2018 [ 30 , 31 , 32 ] for the majority of PFAS ( Table 3 ). The results display satisfactory performance and indicate the suitability of the method for routine analysis of this class of compounds in breastmilk, dairy milk and infant formula.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…To further elucidate the performance of the developed procedure, the method was applied for the determination of PFAS residues in NIST SRM 1954. Since there are no certified values for PFAS in SRM 1954, the mean concentration of PFAS in SRM 1954 reported using this method was compared with concentrations reported by other authors [ 30 , 31 , 32 ] in Table 3 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Confirmatory Analysis of Per and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Milk and Infant Formula Using UHPLC–MS/MS

2021

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An ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the sensitive determination and unambiguous confirmation of residues of per and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) in breastmilk, retail milk and infant formulas following two sample preparation methods. Sample pre-treatment was carried out by a simplified QuEChERS method without requiring dSPE or any further clean-up. The method was validated in accordance with the requirements of Commission Decision 657/2002/EC with slight modifications. The method displayed good linearity with R2 ranging from 0.9843–0.9998 for all target PFAS. The recovery and within-laboratory reproducibility of the method (n = 63) were in the range 60–121% and 5–28%, respectively. The decision limit, detection capability and limit of quantitation ranged from 30–60 ng kg−1 to 40–100 ng kg−1 and 5–50 ng kg−1, respectively. Acceptable matrix effect values in the range −45–29% were obtained with uncertainty of measurement lower than 25% for all target PFAS. The method displays its suitability for the sensitive and high-throughput confirmatory analysis of C4–C14 PFAS in breastmilk, dairy milk and infant formulas.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Confirmatory Analysis of Per and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Milk and Infant Formula Using UHPLC–MS/MS

2021

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“…Although DDT and DDE have already been banned in many countries, the long half-lives of these EOs (7 and 10 years for DDT and DDE, respectively) in both the environment and humans might be responsible for the adverse effects (152)(153)(154)(155)(156)(157). Similarly, PFAS metabolites are also very persistent in the environment (half-lives of 3-10 years) and humans are exposed through ingestion of contaminated food, drinking water, and ingestion or inhalation of PFAS from contaminated dust and soil, and even via transplacental and breast milk passage from mother to child (158)(159)(160)(161)(162)(163).…”

Section: Controversies and Elucidationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Life-Time Environmental Chemical Exposure and Obesity: Review of Epidemiological Studies Using Human Biomonitoring Methods

et al. 2021

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The exponential global increase in the incidence of obesity may be partly attributable to environmental chemical (EC) exposure. Humans are constantly exposed to ECs, primarily through environmental components. This review compiled human epidemiological study findings of associations between blood and/or urinary exposure levels of ECs and anthropometric overweight and obesity indices. The findings reveal research gaps that should be addressed. We searched MEDLINE (PubMed) for full text English articles published in 2006–2020 using the keywords “environmental exposure” and “obesity”. A total of 821 articles were retrieved; 102 reported relationships between environmental exposure and obesity indices. ECs were the predominantly studied environmental exposure compounds. The ECs were grouped into phenols, phthalates, and persistent organic pollutants (POPs) to evaluate obesogenic roles. In total, 106 articles meeting the inclusion criteria were summarized after an additional search by each group of EC combined with obesity in the PubMed and Scopus databases. Dose-dependent positive associations between bisphenol A (BPA) and various obesity indices were revealed. Both individual and summed di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and non-DEHP metabolites showed inconsistent associations with overweight and obesity indices, although mono-butyl phthalate (MBP), mono-ethyl phthalate (MEP), and mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP) seem to have obesogenic roles in adolescents, adults, and the elderly. Maternal exposure levels of individual POP metabolites or congeners showed inconsistent associations, whereas dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) were positively associated with obesity indices. There was insufficient evidence of associations between early childhood EC exposure and the subsequent development of overweight and obesity in late childhood. Overall, human evidence explicitly reveals the consistent obesogenic roles of BPA, DDE, and PFOA, but inconsistent roles of phthalate metabolites and other POPs. Further prospective studies may yield deeper insights into the overall scenario.

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“…The bioavailability of PFOA, crossing biological barriers, is indicated by the detection of PFOA in blood and mothers' milk samples (Awad et al 2020;Calafat et al 2007;Tao et al 2008;Völkel et al 2008; Ye et al 2018). The major route of exposure to PFOA in humans comes from ingestion of contaminated food and drinking water (Hu et al 2019;Sadia et al 2020;Stahl et al 2011;Trudel et al 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioavailability of Inhaled Or Ingested PFOA Adsorbed To House Dust

Gustafsson

Wang

Gerde

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Indoor environments may impact human health due to chemical pollutants in the indoor air and house dust. This study aimed at comparing the bioavailability and distribution of PFOA following both an inhalation and an oral exposure to PFOA coated house dust in rats. In addition, extractable organofluorine (EOF) was measured in different tissue samples to assess any potential influence of other organofluorine compounds in the experimental house dust. Blood samples were collected at sequential time points after exposure and at the time of termination; lung, liver and kidney were collected for quantification of PFOA and EOF. The concentration of PFOA in plasma increased rapidly in both exposure groups attaining a Cmax at 3 h post exposure. The Cmax following inhalation was four times higher compared to oral exposures. At 48 h post exposure, the levels of PFOA in plasma, liver and kidney were twice as high from inhalation exposures. This shows that PFOA is readily bioavailable and has a rapid systemic distribution following an inhalation- or oral exposure to house dust coated with PFOA. The proportion of PFOA to EOF corresponded to approximately 54-68% and >80% in plasma and tissues, respectively. The mass balance between EOF and target PFOA indicate that there might be other unknown PFAS precursor and/or fluorinated compounds that co-existed in the house dust sample that might have accumulated in rats.

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Emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in human milk from Sweden and China

Abstract: Twenty per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) were determined in human milk from residents of three Chinese cities (Shanghai, Jiaxing, and Shaoxing), sampled between 2010 and 2016. These data were compared...

Cited by 72 publications

References 47 publications

Confirmatory Analysis of Per and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Milk and Infant Formula Using UHPLC–MS/MS

Confirmatory Analysis of Per and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Milk and Infant Formula Using UHPLC–MS/MS

Life-Time Environmental Chemical Exposure and Obesity: Review of Epidemiological Studies Using Human Biomonitoring Methods

Bioavailability of Inhaled Or Ingested PFOA Adsorbed To House Dust

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