Abstract:Figure 3. a) Scheme for the constructed Fe(III)/TPPS nanosonosensitizer for synergistic sonotheranostics by RGD-enabled tumor targeting, downregulated SOD2 expression, GSH depletion, Fenton reaction-triggered hydroxyl radicals and SDT. Reproduced with permission. [38] Copyright 2019, Wiley-VCH. b) Schematic illustration of the design principle and mechanism of combinatorial SDT and immunotherapy, including nanosonosensitizer-enabled and SDT-induced antitumor immune responses and checkpoint blockade for tumor i… Show more
“…Nevertheless, these artificial enzymes are always capable of catalyzing ROS generation at the same time, [ 32 ] leading to potentially deleterious adverse effects, such as the induction of oxidative stress, [ 33 ] activation of immune cells, and genotoxicity, which limit their clinical translation. [ 34 , 35 ] In contrast, non‐enzymatic antioxidant nanomaterials with broad‐spectrum free radical scavenging capacity enable preventing or reducing oxidative damage without apparent side effects, meanwhile they have better biocompatibility and higher potential for clinical translation.…”
Acute kidney injury (AKI), as a common oxidative stress-related renal disease, causes high mortality in clinics annually, and many other clinical diseases, including the pandemic COVID-19, have a high potential to cause AKI, yet only rehydration, renal dialysis, and other supportive therapies are available for AKI in the clinics. Nanotechnology-mediated antioxidant therapy represents a promising therapeutic strategy for AKI treatment. However, current enzyme-mimicking nanoantioxidants show poor biocompatibility and biodegradability, as well as non-specific ROS level regulation, further potentially causing deleterious adverse effects. Herein, the authors report a novel non-enzymatic antioxidant strategy based on ultrathin Ti 3 C 2 -PVP nanosheets (TPNS) with excellent biocompatibility and great chemical reactivity toward multiple ROS for AKI treatment. These TPNS nanosheets exhibit enzyme/ROS-triggered biodegradability and broad-spectrum ROS scavenging ability through the readily occurring redox reaction between Ti 3 C 2 and various ROS, as verified by theoretical calculations. Furthermore, both in vivo and in vitro experiments demonstrate that TPNS can serve as efficient antioxidant platforms to scavenge the overexpressed ROS and subsequently suppress oxidative stress-induced inflammatory response through inhibition of NF-B signal pathway for AKI treatment. This study highlights a new type of therapeutic agent, that is, the redox-mediated non-enzymatic antioxidant MXene nanoplatforms in treatment of AKI and other ROS-associated diseases.
“…Nevertheless, these artificial enzymes are always capable of catalyzing ROS generation at the same time, [ 32 ] leading to potentially deleterious adverse effects, such as the induction of oxidative stress, [ 33 ] activation of immune cells, and genotoxicity, which limit their clinical translation. [ 34 , 35 ] In contrast, non‐enzymatic antioxidant nanomaterials with broad‐spectrum free radical scavenging capacity enable preventing or reducing oxidative damage without apparent side effects, meanwhile they have better biocompatibility and higher potential for clinical translation.…”
Acute kidney injury (AKI), as a common oxidative stress-related renal disease, causes high mortality in clinics annually, and many other clinical diseases, including the pandemic COVID-19, have a high potential to cause AKI, yet only rehydration, renal dialysis, and other supportive therapies are available for AKI in the clinics. Nanotechnology-mediated antioxidant therapy represents a promising therapeutic strategy for AKI treatment. However, current enzyme-mimicking nanoantioxidants show poor biocompatibility and biodegradability, as well as non-specific ROS level regulation, further potentially causing deleterious adverse effects. Herein, the authors report a novel non-enzymatic antioxidant strategy based on ultrathin Ti 3 C 2 -PVP nanosheets (TPNS) with excellent biocompatibility and great chemical reactivity toward multiple ROS for AKI treatment. These TPNS nanosheets exhibit enzyme/ROS-triggered biodegradability and broad-spectrum ROS scavenging ability through the readily occurring redox reaction between Ti 3 C 2 and various ROS, as verified by theoretical calculations. Furthermore, both in vivo and in vitro experiments demonstrate that TPNS can serve as efficient antioxidant platforms to scavenge the overexpressed ROS and subsequently suppress oxidative stress-induced inflammatory response through inhibition of NF-B signal pathway for AKI treatment. This study highlights a new type of therapeutic agent, that is, the redox-mediated non-enzymatic antioxidant MXene nanoplatforms in treatment of AKI and other ROS-associated diseases.
“… 5 − 7 Compared with phototherapies (e.g., photothermal therapy or photodynamic therapy), the high tissue-penetrating depth and cost-effectiveness allow SDT to treat HCC essentially in the body. 8 − 12 The scientific principle underlying SDT-mediated cytotoxicity is mainly rooted in the generation of ROS, which disturbs the intracellular redox homeostasis to damage crucial components of the cancer cells. 13 , 14 However, there is a comprehensive antioxidant defense system to regulate the levels of ROS and prevent the accumulation of damage induced by ROS, in which nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 ( NFE2L2 ) is an important transcription factor that targets the antioxidant response element in the upstream regulatory regions.…”
Sonodynamic therapy
(SDT), relying on the generation of reactive
oxygen species (ROS), is a promising clinical therapeutic modality
for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) due to its noninvasiveness
and high tissue-penetration depth, whereas the oxidative stress and
antioxidative defense system in cancer cells significantly restrict
the prevalence of SDT. Herein, we initially identified that
NFE2L2
was immediately activated during SDT, which further
inhibited SDT efficacy. To address this intractable issue, an ultrasound
remote control of the cluster regularly interspaced short palindromic
repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) release system
(HMME@Lip-Cas9) was meticulously designed and constructed, which precisely
knocks down
NFE2L2
to alleviate the adverse effects
and augment the therapeutic efficiency of SDT. The hematoporphyrin
monomethyl ether (HMME) in this system yielded abundant ROS to damage
cancer cells under ultrasound irradiation, and meanwhile the generated
ROS could induce lysosomal rupture to release Cas9/single guide RNA
ribonucleoprotein (RNP) and destroy the oxidative stress-defensing
system, significantly promoting tumor cell apoptosis. This study provides
a new paradigm for HCC management and lays the foundation for the
widespread application of CRISPR/Cas9 with promising clinical translation,
meanwhile developing a synergistic therapeutic modality in the combination
of SDT with gene editing.
“…In recent years, with the rapid development of nanomedicine, a variety of nano-drug-loaded sustained-release particles have been intensively studied in the field of biomedical application (Suna et al, 2020;Hu et al, 2021;Lakshmanan et al, 2021). The nanodrug delivery system has a unique core-shell structure, and as a hydrophobic drug carrier, it has the characteristics of good biocompatibility, high drug loading rate, high circulation time in vivo, and so on (Cheng et al, 2016;Yousefpour and Yari, 2017).…”
The enhancement of tumor targeting and cellular uptake of drugs are significant factors in maximizing anticancer therapy and minimizing the side effects of chemotherapeutic drugs. A key challenge remains to explore stimulus-responsive polymeric nanoparticles to achieve efficient drug delivery. In this study, doxorubicin conjugated polymer (Poly-Dox) with light-responsiveness was synthesized, which can self-assemble to form polymeric micelles (Poly-Dox-M) in water. As an inert structure, the polyethylene glycol (PEG) can shield the adsorption of protein and avoid becoming a protein crown in the blood circulation, improving the tumor targeting of drugs and reducing the cardiotoxicity of doxorubicin (Dox). Besides, after ultraviolet irradiation, the amide bond connecting Dox with PEG can be broken, which induced the responsive detachment of PEG and enhanced cellular uptake of Dox. Notably, the results of immunohistochemistry in vivo showed that Poly-Dox-M had no significant damage to normal organs. Meanwhile, they showed efficient tumor-suppressive effects. This nano-delivery system with the light-responsive feature might hold great promises for the targeted therapy for osteosarcoma.
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