Emerging multidrug-resistant Candida species

Abstract

We checked all papers published along the last 10 years describing epidemiological, diagnostic, and clinical aspects of infections by MDR Candida spp., with emphasis on C. auris and C. glabrata spp. C. auris has been reported in 15 countries and multidrug resistance rates is usually above 30%. Horizontal transmission is a great concern regarding C. auris. C. glabrata ranks the second most reported Candida spp. in deep-seated infections from United States and some European Centers, although multidrug resistance rates above 10% are restricted to some US centers. Candida haemulonii complex isolates with poor susceptibility to azoles and amphotericin B have been isolated in superficial and deep-seated infections, whereas Candida guilliiermondii complex isolates with poor susceptibility to azoles and echinocandins have been recovered from catheter-related bloodstream infections. Other potential MDR Candida species are Candida krusei, Candida lusitaniae, Candida kefyr, Yarrowia (Candida) lypolitica, and Candida rugosa.

Antifungal drug susceptibility, molecular basis of resistance to echinocandins and molecular epidemiology of fluconazole resistance among clinical Candida glabrata isolates in Kuwait

“…In the United States, the rate of resistance of C. glabrata to echinocandins has been increasing steadily and ~9% of fluconazole-resistant bloodstream isolates were also resistant to echinocandins 14,22,30,39 . Emergence of resistance to echinocandins in C. glabrata and increasing reports of multidrug resistance to azoles, echinocandins and amphotericin B is a worrisome development as it severely limits the choice of antifungal drugs for the treatment of invasive C. glabrata infections 13,14,20,30,31 . In this context, multidrug resistance detection in only one C. glabrata isolate in Kuwait is encouraging, however, continued surveillance studies are needed to provide accurate estimates of trends in antifungal resistance and their impact on treatment outcome.…”

Cell wall mannan of Candida krusei mediates dendritic cell apoptosis and orchestrates Th17 polarization via TLR-2/MyD88-dependent pathway

“…Candida species are the most common cause of opportunistic fungal infections in immunocompromised individuals, leading to illnesses ranging from non-life-threatening mucocutaneous lesions to systemically invasive infections. Over recent decades, the incidence of candidiasis worldwide has shifted from Candida albicans to non- albicans Candida species (NACs) due to the evolution of resistance to anti-fungal medications 1 , 2 .…”

Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of the hydrolate of Coridothymus capitatus (L.) Reichenb. fil. (Lamiaceae) alone and in combination with antimicrobial agents

“…C. krusei is intrinsically resistant to fluconazole and in both these two species the resistance to voriconazole is increasing mainly following exposure to fluconazole [37]. C. glabrata is the second most prevalent cause of candidiasis in USA, Australia, and Northern European countries [38]. This yeast has a reduced susceptibility to fluconazole and recently an increase in acquired echinocandin resistance has also been reported [36,38].…”

“…C. glabrata is the second most prevalent cause of candidiasis in USA, Australia, and Northern European countries [38]. This yeast has a reduced susceptibility to fluconazole and recently an increase in acquired echinocandin resistance has also been reported [36,38].…”