Emerging IoT domains, current standings and open research challenges: a review

Abstract

Over the last decade, the Internet of Things (IoT) domain has grown dramatically, from ultra-low-power hardware design to cloud-based solutions, and now, with the rise of 5G technology, a new horizon for edge computing on IoT devices will be introduced. A wide range of communication technologies has steadily evolved in recent years, representing a diverse range of domain areas and communication specifications. Because of the heterogeneity of technology and interconnectivity, the true realisation of the IoT ecosystem is currently hampered by multiple dynamic integration challenges. In this context, several emerging IoT domains necessitate a complete re-modeling, design, and standardisation from the ground up in order to achieve seamless IoT ecosystem integration. The Internet of Nano-Things (IoNT), Internet of Space-Things (IoST), Internet of Underwater-Things (IoUT) and Social Internet of Things (SIoT) are investigated in this paper with a broad future scope based on their integration and ability to source other IoT domains by highlighting their application domains, state-of-the-art research, and open challenges. To the best of our knowledge, there is little or no information on the current state of these ecosystems, which is the motivating factor behind this article. Finally, the paper summarises the integration of these ecosystems with current IoT domains and suggests future directions for overcoming the challenges.

A Comprehensive Review of Internet of Things: Technology Stack, Middlewares, and Fog/Edge Computing Interface

“…The middleware interfaces the technology stack with the vertical market. Hence, it is of utmost importance to resolve data protection and privacy issues in this layer [ 8 , 140 ]. Various middleware characteristics and their impacts on user data are discussed in this study.…”

“…The most frequently used variables for forecasting the IoT growth trend are cost reductions in the device’s average operational and implementation costs. The productivity and commercial feasibility can only be improved by applying business intelligence and by combining existing standards with the proposed future IoT ecosystems [ 8 ], ensuring optimum resilience and adaptability [ 9 , 10 , 11 ]. IoT technologies enable the connectivity of real and virtual items, enabling a new era of ubiquitous computing.…”

Role of Nanomaterials in the Fabrication of bioNEMS/MEMS for Biomedical Applications and towards Pioneering Food Waste Utilisation

“…The development of the nanoprocessor is yet to surface and is still in its state-of-the-art stage [167]. However, the use of nanomaterials in processor and core fabrication demonstrates their performance ability compared to silicon-semiconductor-based materials [168].…”

A matching-synergy degree-based optimization selection method for cloud manufacturing service composition

“…With the application of cloud computing [1], Internet of Things [2][3], artificial intelligence, and other new generation information technologies in the manufacturing field, manufacturing industries are undergoing significant changes. In the dynamic global environment, manufacturing service, specialization and cooperation are the mainstream trends.…”