Role of Nanomaterials in the Fabrication of bioNEMS/MEMS for Biomedical Applications and towards Pioneering Food Waste Utilisation

Abstract

bioNEMS/MEMS has emerged as an innovative technology for the miniaturisation of biomedical devices with high precision and rapid processing since its first R&D breakthrough in the 1980s. To date, several organic including food waste derived nanomaterials and inorganic nanomaterials (e.g., carbon nanotubes, graphene, silica, gold, and magnetic nanoparticles) have steered the development of high-throughput and sensitive bioNEMS/MEMS-based biosensors, actuator systems, drug delivery systems and implantable/wearable sensors with desirable biomedical properties. Turning food waste into valuable nanomaterials is potential groundbreaking research in this growing field of bioMEMS/NEMS. This review aspires to communicate recent progress in organic and inorganic nanomaterials based bioNEMS/MEMS for biomedical applications, comprehensively discussing nanomaterials criteria and their prospects as ideal tools for biomedical devices. We discuss clinical applications for diagnostic, monitoring, and therapeutic applications as well as the technological potential for cell manipulation (i.e., sorting, separation, and patterning technology). In addition, current in vitro and in vivo assessments of promising nanomaterials-based biomedical devices will be discussed in this review. Finally, this review also looked at the most recent state-of-the-art knowledge on Internet of Things (IoT) applications such as nanosensors, nanoantennas, nanoprocessors, and nanobattery.

Recent Developments in Wearable NEMS/MEMS-Based Smart Infrared Sensors for Healthcare Applications

“…This selective detection is helpful for applications like gas sensing, where different gases have distinct infrared absorption spectra. 43,44 Integrating three-dimensional (3D) printing and additive manufacturing techniques could revolutionize the fabrication of NEMS/MEMS-based sensors. This could allow for more complex and customized sensor designs, while reducing production costs.…”

Micro and Nano Interdigitated Electrode Array (IDEA)-Based MEMS/NEMS as Electrochemical Transducers: A Review

“…Nanoparticles are particles ranging between 1 and 100 nm and are typically categorized into organic, inorganic, and carbon-based nanoparticles [ 157 , 158 ]. Different compositions and sizes of nanoparticles exhibit different functions, and hence can be adapted for specific electrochemical sensings, such as immunosensors, enzyme sensors, etc.…”

Numerical Approaches for Recovering the Deformable Membrane Profile of Electrostatic Microdevices for Biomedical Applications

“…Research efforts are currently focused on the efficiency of drug administration to be combined with the efficiency of the fluidic device and of the micropumps (implantable and/or removable) based on MEMS technology since positive results in various clinical conditions depend on them [ 27 , 28 ]. Since the release and absorption of drugs strongly depends on pharmacokinetic and metabolic mechanisms, in order to reduce adverse phenomena, research is oriented towards the development of devices capable of controlling the dosage rate from the delivery system [ 29 , 30 ]. MEMS-based micropumps are designed to deliver drugs at a specific rate in accordance with the required pharmacokinetics also allowing prolonged infusion volume control (useful for certain pathologies) and improving the patient’s quality of life [ 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 ].…”