Emerging Developments on Pathogenicity, Molecular Virulence, Epidemiology and Clinical Symptoms of Current Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV)

Abstract

a b s t r a c tMiddle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a recently reported virus that is associated with severe, life threatening and rapidly spreading primarily respiratory illness called the Middle East respiratory syndrome. MERS-CoV possesses a unique positive-sense single-stranded RNA and can undergo rapid mutation in the viral genome. This results in antigenic switching and genetic variation, finally leading to the emergence of novel and new MERS-CoV subtypes which are uncontrollable by vaccines. Researchers are also finding difficulties to sort out therapeutic intervention strategies for MERS-CoV. This virus can spread from human to human, but transmission from dromedary camels to humans plays a crucial epidemiological significance. Dromedary camel acts as "gene mixing vessels" for MERS-CoV and these virus particles undergo rapid change in them. Viral receptors called dipeptidyl peptidase-4 are important receptors for attachment and spread of MERS-CoV in humans. The current method of laboratory confirmation is through real-time polymerase chain reaction on bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum and tracheal aspirates. Unfortunately, till today there are no definite anti-viral drugs available for MERS-CoV.

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) Virus—Pathophysiological Axis and the Current Treatment Strategies

“…Ex vivo study of human lung cell lines shows that the induction of cytokines was suppressed during MERS-CoV infection [ 133 ]. Nevertheless, another study on respiratory epithelial cell line Calu-3 cells demonstrated that there was a delay in the induction or activation of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-8 and IL-6 [ 134 ]. Expression of antiviral cytokines such as IFN-α and IFN-β was not triggered by viruses in the body [ 121 ].…”

The Role of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Techniques: Race for COVID-19 Vaccine

“…Although the mortality rate of the SARS-CoV-2 virus is low, this novel coronavirus (COVID- 19) is one of the most infectious diseases affecting our planet in the past decades. This virus was first spotted in Wuhan, China, and has now globally spread to over 190 countries, infecting more than 400,000 people and more than 15,000 deaths (2,3). Governments and health organizations of the world are constantly working day and night to combat the disease, but it has so far proved to be a major hur-dle.…”

STUDI KINETIKA ENDOSPERMA BUAH KELAPA (Cocos nucifera) UNTUK MENINGKATKAN SISTEM IMUNITAS TUBUH TERHADAP INFEKSI VIRUS PADA BATUK PILEK ATAU SELESMA

“…Selesma ini dapat disebabkan oleh berbagai jenis virus yang biasa menginfeksi saluran pernapasan [37][38] [39]. Ada banyak jenis virus yang dapat menyebabkan timbulnya gejala selesma [40], seperti Rhinovirus, Coronavirus, Influenza, Adenovirus, Enterovirus, Metapneumovirus dan masih banyak lagi virus lainnya yang jumlahnya mencapai kurang lebih 200 virus [41][42] [43]. Penyebab tersering selesma adalah Rhinoviru [44] [45].…”