Emerging Biomaterials Imaging Antitumor Immune Response

Abstract

Immunotherapy is one of the most promising clinical modalities for the treatment of malignant tumors and has shown excellent therapeutic outcomes in clinical settings. However, it continues to face several challenges, including long treatment cycles, high costs, immune‐related adverse events, and low response rates. Thus, it is critical to predict the response rate to immunotherapy by using imaging technology in the preoperative and intraoperative. Here, the latest advances in nanosystem‐based biomaterials used for predicting responses to immunotherapy via the imaging of immune cells and signaling molecules in the immune microenvironment are comprehensively summarized. Several imaging methods, such as fluorescence imaging, magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography imaging, ultrasound imaging, and photoacoustic imaging, used in immune predictive imaging, are discussed to show the potential of nanosystems for distinguishing immunotherapy responders from nonresponders. Nanosystem‐based biomaterials aided by various imaging technologies are expected to enable the effective prediction and diagnosis in cases of tumors, inflammation, and other public diseases.

Nanoprobe-based molecular imaging for tumor stratification

“…230 Various nanoprobes with outstanding SNR and sensitivity have been constructed for accurate patient stratification by imaging immune cells or immune states to help personalized treatment regimens. 231 3.7.1. Immune cells.…”

Advanced Nanosystems for Cancer Therapeutics: A Review

“…However, advanced nanosystems show huge potential in tumor/ cancer therapy based on immunotherapeutic strategies. 258 However, the low response rates and high costs as well as immune-related adverse reactions may restrict the clinical applications of nanomedicine-based immunotherapy. 259 Besides, chemotherapy prodrugs can be considered as a promising strategy for improving the drug activity and reducing the possible side effects, as exemplified in the case of glutathione-responsive prodrug nanogels with enhanced tumor chemotherapeutic effects.…”

“…In this context, nanosystems can be deployed for targeting chemotherapies directly and selectively to cancer cells and neoplasms, with reduced toxicity and enhanced targeting properties (selectivity/sensitivity). However, advanced nanosystems show huge potential in tumor/cancer therapy based on immunotherapeutic strategies . However, the low response rates and high costs as well as immune-related adverse reactions may restrict the clinical applications of nanomedicine-based immunotherapy .…”

Recent advances in type I organic photosensitizers for efficient photodynamic therapy for overcoming tumor hypoxia

“…116 Ma et al summarized nanosystem-based biomaterials imaging antitumor immune response of immune cells and signaling molecules. 117 Ye et al reported a tumor GSH-responsive chemotherapeutic nanogels based prodrug strategy for enhancing tumor therapy via DNA damage and GSH consumption. 118 As a new concept in cancer research, immunogenic cell death (ICD) has emerged to induce a systemic antitumor immunity for long-term tumor resistance.…”