Emerging Bio‐Interfacing Wearable Devices for Signal Monitoring: Overview of the Mechanisms and Diverse Sensor Designs to Target Distinct Physiological Bio‐Parameters

Abstract

Recently, personalized medical diagnostics and treatments have received significant interest due to the rising demand for reliable, rapid, and cost-effective healthcare services. In the recent development of wearable devices, ways to engineer devices to extend their reliability, minimize the risk of infection, and expand the scope of application have been focused on improving conventional clinical procedures. With the increasing interest in personalized healthcare, wearable devices have received substantial interest because they monitor each physiological parameter for specific clinical interest. These unique bio-parameters of individuals can be recorded from different target organs for the analysis of various functions, ranging from simple bodily movement to clinical treatment. In this review, the recent advances in sensors for recording unique bio-signals from the human body are discussed. Based on each unique bio-signals, a comprehensive analysis of wearable platforms for clinical diagnosis is provided, including subjects such as the selection of materials, device design structure, and application strategies for therapeutic significance. Furthermore, the challenges and future potential direction of modern bio-sensor devices are discussed extensively.

Body-attachable multifunctional electronic skins for bio-signal monitoring and therapeutic applications

“…E-skin has attracted attention with some special advantages such as small device size, lightweight, and conformal attachment onto the skin surface compared to the conventional bulk sensing devices [15] . Moreover, the e-skin system can be easily integrated with additional features including biodegradable materials, wireless power generators, and medicine actuators [16] . With this significant expandability, the e-skins combined with novel sensors are predicted to open up the commercialization of multifunctional medical devices that play a crucial role in real-time biomedical monitoring.…”

Smart Contact Lenses as Wearable Ophthalmic Devices for Disease Monitoring and Health Management

“…Recently, wearable medical devices for health management have been developed that can be compatible with various body parts. − With the increasing demand for personalized health care and point-of-care diagnostics, the development of wearable medical devices for quick and precise diagnoses is essential. − As an example, biosensors can be used to detect and monitor the biological and chemical molecules that exist in the human body in various forms. − Chemical biomarkers, such as metabolites, ions, and proteins, can be found in various fluids in the body, such as blood, interstitial fluid, tears, and sweat. , In addition, physical factors, such as temperature, heart rate, and pressure, also can act as biomarkers. − Electrophysiological signals also can be identified along the nerve cells in organs, such as the brain, heart, and muscles, that are associated with various cranial nervous systems. − Among them, the eyes are especially important because they provide both chemical and physical biomarkers related to specific point-of-care diagnosis and personalized treatment. For example, the ocular fluids, including tears, the aqueous humor (AH), and the vitreous humor (VH), contain a diverse range of chemical biomarkers derived from blood and ocular tissue, and physical biomarkers, such as intraocular pressure (IOP) and temperature, can be acquired as well as electrophysiological signals, such as electroretinogram (ERG). − …”