Emergent Fundamental Pedestrian Flows from Cellular Automata Microsimulation

Blue, Victor J.; Adler, Jeffrey L.

doi:10.3141/1644-04

Cited by 226 publications

(136 citation statements)

References 2 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

135

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…In TRANSIMS the agents make a shortest-time assumption, based on the previous run flows, and readjust to optimise a combination of trip time and trip length for the next simulated day. Work on such cellular automata (CA) models has been applied to pedestrian movement (for example, Blue and Adler, 1998). However, in pedestrian models, where there is high linkage between cells, the CA community have yet to implement effective natural-movement rules.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Encoding Natural Movement as an Agent-Based System: An Investigation into Human Pedestrian Behaviour in the Built Environment

Turner

Penn

2002

Environ Plann B Plann Des

258

185

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

IntroductionIn the literature on cognitive psychology, the issues raised by Gibson's ecological theory of perception (Gibson, 1979) have been examined and taken on board. Gibson's theory was formulated primarily in order to overturn theories laden with subjective and objective knowledge, and to replace them with a model in which the agent and its environment are conjoined by a set of affordances so the agent perceives the contents of the environment directly and uses the affordances within it to guide its action without reference to superior representational models. Today, Gibson's work has been contextualised and broken into further models in which recognition and representation do play a part (Neisser, 1994). However, in the domain of agent-based modelling we still appear to ignore the original concerns he voiced öin particular`the model' is always preceded by a theoretical framework, rather than simply being a perceptual model in its own right (see, for example, Casti, 1998;Epstein and Axtell, 1996). This paper is not an attempt to overturn the body of literature which already exists in agentbased modelling, although it does constitute a plea for the use of direct perception where the approach is available, and to try to regard the environment as the provider of possibilities rather than as a place to be rationalised. As an example, consider human movement around an art gallery. There might be any number of causal factors for the routes people take. People might, for example, follow a map, or signage, take into account the direction other people are taking, a glimpse of a familiar painting, reject a route on the grounds of personal prejudice against a style, and so on. On the other hand, the possibility of exploring the walkable surface of the layout ahead (the rooms of the gallery) may simply be enough for a human to do exactly that. Abstract. Gibson's ecological theory of perception has received considerable attention within psychology literature, as well as in computer vision and robotics. However, few have applied Gibson's approach to agent-based models of human movement, because the ecological theory requires that individuals have a vision-based mental model of the world, and for large numbers of agents this becomes extremely expensive computationally. Thus, within current pedestrian models, path evaluation is based on calibration from observed data or on sophisticated but deterministic route-choice mechanisms;there is little open-ended behavioural modelling of human-movement patterns. One solution which allows individuals rapid concurrent access to the visual information within an environment is an`exosomatic visual architecture', where the connections between mutually visible locations within a configuration are prestored in a lookup table. Here we demonstrate that, with the aid of an exosomatic visual architecture, it is possible to develop behavioural models in which movement rules originating from Gibson's principle of affordance are utilised. We apply large numbers of agents programmed with these r...

show abstract

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Encoding Natural Movement as an Agent-Based System: An Investigation into Human Pedestrian Behaviour in the Built Environment

Turner

Penn

2002

Environ Plann B Plann Des

258

185

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…As a consequence, pedestrian research mainly focusses on agent-based models of pedestrian crowds, which also allow one to consider local coordination problems. The "social force model" [25,26] is maybe the most well-known of these models, but we also like to mention cellular automata of pedestrian dynamics [27,28,29,30,31,32,33] and AI-based models [34,35].…”

Section: Short History Of Pedestrian Modelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pedestrian, Crowd and Evacuation Dynamics

Helbing

Johansson

2011

Extreme Environmental Events

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Article OutlineThis contribution describes efforts to model the behavior of individual pedestrians and their interactions in crowds, which generate certain kinds of selforganized patterns of motion. Moreover, this article focusses on the dynamics of crowds in panic or evacuation situations, methods to optimize building designs for egress, and factors potentially causing the breakdown of orderly motion. GlossaryCollective Intelligence: Emergent functional behavior of a large number of people that results from interactions of individuals rather than from individual reasoning or global optimization. Crowd: Agglomeration of many people in the same area at the same time. The density of the crowd is assumed to be high enough to cause continuous interactions with or reactions to other individuals. Crowd Turbulence: Unanticipated and unintended irregular motion of individuals into different directions due to strong and rapidly changing forces in crowds of extreme density. Emergence: Spontaneous establishment of a qualitatively new behavior through non-linear interactions of many objects or subjects. Evolutionary Optimization: Gradual optimization based on the effect of frequently repeated random mutations and selection processes based on some success function ("fitness"). Faster-is-Slower Effect: This term reflects the observation that certain processes (in evacuation situations, production, traffic dynamics, or logistics) take more time if performed at high speed. In other words, waiting can often help to coordinate the activities of several competing units and to speed up the average progress. Freezing-by-Heating Effect: Noise-induced blockage effect caused by the breakdown of direction-segregated walking patterns (typically two or more "lanes" characterized by a uniform direction of motion). "Noise" means frequent variations of the walking direction due to nervousness or impatience in the crowd, e.g. also frequent overtaking maneuvers in dense, slowly moving crowds.

show abstract

“…Previous studies on this topic relied on computer simulations [7][8][9], which built a simulated model based on patterns of pedestrian behaviours through the method of the cellular automaton or the social force [37][38]. The studies using computer simulations considered the behaviour of right-hand-sided, lane changing, and the collision avoidance in the complex bidirectional flow [39,40]; they had shortcomings, including poor randomness, ignoring diversity and adaptability of pedestrian, and poor simulation accuracy.…”

Section: Discussion and Recommendationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With the theoretical and methodical analysis of pedestrian flow, the bidirectional flow, which is a typical pedestrian flow organization, has attracted substantial attention [8][9][10][11][12][13]. The interactions of bidirectional pedestrian streams would induce a serious conflicting effect [14][15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%