Emergency Severity Index for Psychiatric Triage

Ho, Amy F.; Tintinalli, Judith E.; Travers, Debbie

doi:10.1197/j.aem.2007.03.1081

Cited by 1 publication

(4 citation statements)

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“…For Ho et al (2007), ECD exposure did not appreciably affect respiration as measured by tidal volume, respiratory rate, and blood gases. Moreover, respiration did not appreciable change in the post-ECD period.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…Thus, the observation of increased ventilation after ECD exposure was insensitive to the period of exposure. Ho et al (2007) evaluated tidal volume, end-tidal O 2 , and end-tidal CO 2 on a breath-by-breath basis prior to, during, and after ECD exposures in trainees. Two types of exposures were examined: a single continuous 15-s exposure and a routine of three 5-s exposures, each separated by 1-s for a total duration of 17-s. For both types of exposure tidal volume did not differ between the period preceding exposure and during exposure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Dawes et al (2010a,b, 2011) published a series of papers that examined respiration (e.g., respiration rate, tidal volume, minute volume) using a breath-by-breath analyzer for various ECD exposures (either two or three consecutive 5-s exposures to TASER X26, 10-s exposures to TASER X3, and 30-s exposure to TASER C2, respectively). The breath-by-breath analyzer that was implemented in these studies has the same limitations as that used in the aforementioned study (Ho et al, 2007) with respect to resolution and synchronization with ECD exposure. The discrete exposure period was not examined.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To date, investigations on the health impact of ECD exposure have focused primarily on the potential for adverse cardiovascular outcomes (Ho et al, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2011; Dennis et al, 2007; Levine et al, 2007; Vilke et al, 2007, 2008; Wu et al, 2007; Sloane et al, 2008; Walter et al, 2008; Dawes et al, 2010b,c; VanMeenen et al, 2010). Although direct evaluation of the cardiac activity during ECD exposure is technically challenging [i.e., obtaining direct measures of electrical activity of the heart (e.g., electrocardiogram, ECG) during exposure is made impractical given the electrical energy of the discharge of ECDs], the available evidence suggests that the ECDs have only transient effects on normal healthy hearts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Respiratory and Cardiovascular Response during Electronic Control Device Exposure in Law Enforcement Trainees

et al. 2013

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Objective: Law enforcement represents a large population of workers who may be exposed to electronic control devices (ECDs). Little is known about the potential effect of exposure to these devices on respiration or cardiovascular response during current discharge.Methods: Participants (N = 23) were trainees exposed to 5 s of an ECD (Taser X26®) as a component of training. Trainees were asked to volitionally inhale during exposure. Respiratory recordings involved a continuous waveform recorded throughout the session including during the exposure period. Heart rate was calculated from a continuous pulse oximetry recording.Results: The exposure period resulted in the cessation of normal breathing patterns in all participants and in particular a decrease in inspiratory activity. No significant changes in heart rate during ECD exposure were found.Conclusion: This is the first study to examine breathing patterns during ECD exposure with the resolution to detect changes over this discrete period of time. In contrast to reports suggesting respiration is unaffected by ECDs, present evidence suggests that voluntary inspiration is severely compromised. There is no evidence of cardiac disruption during ECD exposure.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%