Emergency evacuation simulation of a floating LNG bunkering terminal considering the interaction between evacuees and CFD data

Kim, Imgyu; Kim, Hyuncheol; Chang, Daejun; Jung, Dong-Ho; Sung, Hong Gun; Park, Sang-Kyun; Choi, Byung Chul

doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2021.105297

Cited by 18 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Furth more, CFD fire dynamics analysis was coupled with evacuation models to build an i grated method for assessing passenger evacuation performance in ship fires [15]. Foll ing a similar idea, an algorithm was derived that considers the interaction between CFD model of the LNG gas spill and a crew evacuating on a floating LNG bunkering minal [16]. Regarding the numerical simulation of evacuation, several models have been de oped by scientists focused on human pedestrian behavior.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of VR Technology for Maritime Firefighting and Evacuation Training—A Review

Vukelic,

Ogrizovic,

Bernecic

et al. 2023

JMSE

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Firefighting and evacuation training are important tasks in maritime education and training, especially for crews working on large passenger ships, to ensure the safety of the vessel, cargo and passengers. With the evolution of virtual reality (VR) technology and the introduction of wearable hardware, a change in paradigm has happened in firefighting and evacuation training where these new technologies are being introduced. This paper serves as a review on the use of VR technology in maritime firefighting and evacuation training, trying to answer the following questions: what is the current state of using VR technology, and what are the research gaps that need to be addressed to further accelerate the implementation of VR? Research shows that other industries have adopted the use of VR technology relatively quickly, but the maritime industry still seems reluctant. As for the research gaps, the physics-based modelling of fire spread is discussed along with two other topics: the lack of immersive solutions for evacuation and the potential for developing search and rescue scenarios onboard a ship.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of VR Technology for Maritime Firefighting and Evacuation Training—A Review

Vukelic,

Ogrizovic,

Bernecic

et al. 2023

JMSE

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show abstract

“…In particular, from the LNG bunkering terminal point of view, Park and Park in [13] analysed the port of Busan and considered two different bunkering methods and developed a simulation model to forecast the future LNG fuel demand in order to define the size of required supporting facilities. A simulation of emergency evacuation of a floating LNG bunkering terminal is proposed in [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulating Operating Performance of Alternative Configurations of LNG Bunkering Stations

Bruzzone

Sciomachen

2023

Sustainability

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Recently, due to the great need to promote environmentally sustainable maritime transport, alternative energy sources to traditional fossil fuels have been proposed to reduce ship emissions. Among few alternative scenarios, most experts recognize Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) as the most promising solution in the short to medium term. However, there are still some critical issues related to the future expansion of bunkering stations and the LNG-fuelled fleet. Firstly, there is the need for a sufficiently extensive international network of bunkering facilities. Secondly, the layout and location of bunkering stations impact the efficiency of ship bunkering operations, cost reduction and the safety of the surrounding areas. Last, the in-progress Russian-Ukrainian conflict is causing serious unbalances in gas supply and prices, especially for Europe. Specifically, in the case of Italy, gas imports represent the seventh most imported commodity. Due to the changed geopolitical scenarios, interest has arisen in investigating the technical and operational characteristics of LNG bunkering stations and comparing different configurations with a view to increasing Italy’s independence from other foreign countries, focusing on degasifies that could promote new infrastructures that make available LNG in ports. In this paper we highlight the importance of reducing ship emissions and investigate some technical and operational characteristics of LNG bunkering stations. We present a simulation study to analyse quantitatively the operating performance of different LNG bunkering technologies in a port terminal and their impact on the efficiency and overall cost within the whole goods’ supply chain. In particular, we evaluate and compare bunkering time, throughput and refuelling costs in alternative layouts, referring to marine terminals located near urban areas. The aim of this research is to verify whether ports with infrastructure embedded in metropolitan areas could provide, safely, a valuable contribution to the green transition by efficiently handling an adequate level of LNG supply, especially referring to the present Italian interest in increasing independence from foreign countries. For this purpose, we present four dynamic discrete event simulations of all the main LNG bunkering configurations and present their dynamic performance sampled over two consecutive years after a warmup period of 6 months. The simulation conceptual models have been created by the authors based on analyses of those configurations and then processed and implemented within the simulation software Witness Horizon 23®, used for experimentation. This is the first time that a simulation study is presented for comparing different configuration of LNG bunkering stations. The results presented here confirm that simulation is a key science to address these complex problems and it represents a major added value for the development of new infrastructures embedded in supply chains and able to favour green transition. Concerning the present study, the simulation output reveals that, although the increase in the price of LNG over the past year has had a strong negative impact on the propensity to activate LNG refuelling stations at maritime terminals, Truck-To-Ship, or Ship-to-Ship with small feeder ships, and Port-To-Ship configurations appear to be flexible and particularly suitable for port terminals located near urban areas. However, the final the choice of the most suitable LNG bunkering station requires further and specific inside investigation as well as considerations on the Decision Maker Strategies and Attitudes.

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“…Some research studies have been conducted regarding the risks of LNG bunkering. These have mainly focused on the following three aspects: (1) safety zone evaluation [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22], (2) risk assessment methodology and practice [23][24][25][26][27], and (3) emergency evacuation assessment [27,28]. Even though these studies have improved our understanding of LNG bunkering safety, none has quantified human errors in LNG bunkering.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(2) risk assessment methodology and practice [23][24][25][26][27], and (3) emergency evacuation assessment [27,28]. Even though these studies have improved our understanding of LNG bunkering safety, none has quantified human errors in LNG bunkering.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Error Probability Assessment for LNG Bunkering Based on Fuzzy Bayesian Network-CREAM Model

Fan

Enshaei

Jayasinghe

2022

JMSE

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Liquified natural gas (LNG) as a marine fuel has gained momentum as the maritime industry moves towards a sustainable future. Since unwanted LNG release may lead to severe consequences, performing quantitative risk assessment (QRA) for LNG bunkering operations has become mandatory according to some regulations. Human error is a main contributor to the risks, and the human error probabilities (HEPs) are essential for inclusion in a QRA. However, HEPs data are unavailable in the LNG bunkering industry so far. Therefore, this study attempts to infer HEPs through on-site safety philosophical factors (SPFs). The cognitive reliability and error analysis method (CREAM) was adopted as a basic model and modified to make it suitable for HEP assessment in LNG bunkering. Nine common performance condition (CPC) indicators were identified based on the fuzzy ranking of 23 SPF indicators (SPFIs). A Bayesian network (BN) was built to simulate the occurrence probabilities of different contextual control modes (COCOMs), and a conditional probability table (CPT) for the COCOM node with 19,683 possible combinations in the BN was developed according to the CREAM’s COCOM matrix. The prior probabilities of CPCs were evaluated using the fuzzy set theory (FST) based on data acquired from an online questionnaire survey. The results showed that the prior HEP for LNG bunkering is 0.009841. This value can be updated based on the re-evaluation of on-site SPFIs for a specific LNG bunkering project to capture the dynamics of HEP. The main innovation of this work is realizing the efficient quantification of HEP for LNG bunkering operations by using the proposed fuzzy BN-CREAM model.

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Emergency evacuation simulation of a floating LNG bunkering terminal considering the interaction between evacuees and CFD data

Cited by 18 publications

References 21 publications

Application of VR Technology for Maritime Firefighting and Evacuation Training—A Review

Application of VR Technology for Maritime Firefighting and Evacuation Training—A Review

Simulating Operating Performance of Alternative Configurations of LNG Bunkering Stations

Human Error Probability Assessment for LNG Bunkering Based on Fuzzy Bayesian Network-CREAM Model

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