Emergence of African Swine Fever in China, 2018

Zhou, Xintao; Li, Nan; Luo, Yuzi; Liu, Ye; Miao, Faming; Chen, Teng; Zhang, Shoufeng; Cao, Peili; Li, Xiangdong; Tian, Kegong; Qiu, Hua‐Ji; Hu, Rongliang

doi:10.1111/tbed.12989

Cited by 477 publications

(441 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…It reached the European Union in 2014, when it was reported in wild boars in Lithuania, Poland, Latvia and Estonia (Guinat et al, ; Sánchez‐Vizcaíno, Mur, Gomes‐Villamandos, & Carrasco, ). To date, ASF has also been reported in Moldova, the Czech Republic, Romania, Bulgaria, Belgium (Frant, Woźniakowski, & Pejsak, ) and China (Zhou et al, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Trace amounts of African swine fever virus DNA detected in insects collected from an infected pig farm in Estonia

Herm

Tummeleht

Jürison

et al. 2019

Veterinary Medicine & Sci

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Background African swine fever (ASF), a severe multi‐systemic disease in pigs, was introduced into Estonia in 2014. The majority of outbreaks have occurred during the summer months. Given that ASFV is transmitted in a sylvatic cycle that includes the transmission by African soft ticks and that mechanical transmission by flying insects was shown, transmission by other arthropod vectors need to be considered. Objectives Here, we report the results of a pilot study on flying insects caught on an outbreak farm during epidemiological investigations. Methods In brief, 15 different insect species (flies and mosquitoes) were collected by random catch using an aerial net. Nucleic acids derived from these samples or their pools were tested for African swine fever virus (ASFV) DNA by real‐time PCR. Results and Conclusions Viral DNA was detected in small quantities in two samples from flies and mosquitoes. Given the slow spread of virus within the farm, the impact of these findings seems rather low, but a role in local transmission cannot be ruled out. However, given the very low number of insects sampled, and taken into the account that viral isolation was not performed and insects outside the farm were not investigated, future investigations are needed to assess the true impact of insects as mechanical vectors.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Trace amounts of African swine fever virus DNA detected in insects collected from an infected pig farm in Estonia

Herm

Tummeleht

Jürison

et al. 2019

Veterinary Medicine & Sci

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“…In 2007, it spread to Georgia and Russia (FAO, ; Gogin, Gerasimov, Malogolovkin, & Kolbasov, ), posing alarming risk signals to ASF‐free countries and regions. Recently, ASF has emerged in Asia, including China (Zhou et al, ), and is rapidly spreading to many regions of the country (Li & Tian, ). Currently, ASF continues to be a huge burden to the pig industry in the affected areas (Costard et al, ; Simulundu et al, ; Zhou et al, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, ASF has emerged in Asia, including China (Zhou et al, ), and is rapidly spreading to many regions of the country (Li & Tian, ). Currently, ASF continues to be a huge burden to the pig industry in the affected areas (Costard et al, ; Simulundu et al, ; Zhou et al, ). ASF has a varied range of clinical pictures including acute, subacute, chronic and unapparent forms in domestic pigs, and mild or persistent infections in bushpigs and warthogs (Blome, Gabriel, & Beer, ; Sánchez‐Vizcaíno, Mur, Gomez‐Villamandos, et al, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current status and evolving approaches to African swine fever vaccine development

Teklue

Sun

Abid

et al. 2019

Transbound Emerg Dis

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African swine fever (ASF) is a highly lethal haemorrhagic disease of swine caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV), a unique and genetically complex virus. The disease continues to be a huge burden to the pig industry in Africa, Europe and recently in Asia, especially China. The purpose of this review was to recapitulate the current scenarios and evolving trends in ASF vaccine development. The unavailability of an applicable ASF vaccine is partly due to the complex nature of the virus, which encodes various proteins associated with immune evasion. Moreover, the incomplete understanding of immune protection determinants of ASFV hampers the rational vaccine design. Developing an effective ASF vaccine continues to be a challenging task due to many undefined features of ASFV immunobiology. Recent attempts on DNA and live attenuated ASF vaccines have been reported with promising efficacy, and especially live attenuated vaccines have been proved to provide complete homologous protection. Single‐cycle viral vaccines have been developed for various diseases such as Rift Valley fever and bluetongue, and the rational extension of these strategies could be helpful for developing single‐cycle ASF vaccines. Therefore, live attenuated vaccines in short term and single‐cycle vaccines in long term would be the next generation of ASF vaccines.

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“…Today the disease is endemic in most countries of sub‐Saharan Africa where pigs are kept, constituting a major constraint for the development of the pig sector (Chenais et al., ; van Heerden, Malan, Gadaga, & Spargo, ; Penrith, Vosloo, Jori, & Bastos, ; Simulundu et al., ). During the last decade a significant expansion of the disease distribution has occurred, and ASF is currently present in countries in the Caucasus region, in large parts of Europe, and since August 2018 also in China, the largest pig producing country in the world (Chenais, Ståhl, Guberti, & Depner, ; Gavier‐Widén et al., ; Ge et al., ; Zhou et al., ). ASF is thus a major concern for the global pig industry and threatens large industrial pig farms, with significant impact on national and international trade, as well as smallholder farmers in low income countries, where subsistence farming offers important protection against vulnerability, providing social status, income and food for poor families (Randolph et al., ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overcoming the challenges of pen‐side molecular diagnosis of African swine fever to support outbreak investigations under field conditions

Atim

LeBlanc

Rauh

et al. 2018

Transbound Emerg Dis

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African swine fever (ASF) is a devastating disease of pigs. Without a vaccine, early detection and rapid diagnosis of ASF is a crucial step towards effective disease control. In many countries where ASF is endemic, laboratory infrastructure including sampling and sample shipment is inadequate, and a rapid laboratory confirmation would require that the diagnosis is performed at regional laboratories close to the pig farms of concern, or even at the farm‐side. This study intended to evaluate measures including sample preparation methods, a dried‐down assay, and a portable, battery‐powered real‐time PCR instrument, to improve molecular diagnosis under field conditions. A simple dilution of blood samples, either in Phosphate‐buffered saline or a commercial buffer, worked similarly to beads‐based nucleic acid extraction using a magnet as the core equipment; the latter method did work as well for those samples with low viral load or high Ct values. The real‐time PCR assay using a Universal ProbeLibrary (UPL) probe tolerated suspected inhibitory substances present in the prepared samples better, whereas the dried‐down assay had a higher diagnostic sensitivity. Additionally, an inhibition control assay proved to be helpful in avoiding false negative results when interpreting negative results of samples that might be of low quality or with inadequate reduction in inhibitory substances. When tested with synthetic DNA standards, the portable instrument performed at a level approaching stationary thermocyclers. In summary, the developments of suitable sample preparation methods, robust and thermal‐stable real‐time PCR assays with inhibition control, and battery‐powered portable thermocyclers with middle‐throughput offer one way forward to provide rapid, reliable molecular diagnosis under challenging field conditions.

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Emergence of African Swine Fever in China, 2018

Cited by 477 publications

References 7 publications

Trace amounts of African swine fever virus DNA detected in insects collected from an infected pig farm in Estonia

Trace amounts of African swine fever virus DNA detected in insects collected from an infected pig farm in Estonia

Current status and evolving approaches to African swine fever vaccine development

Overcoming the challenges of pen‐side molecular diagnosis of African swine fever to support outbreak investigations under field conditions

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