Trace amounts of African swine fever virus DNA detected in insects collected from an infected pig farm in Estonia

Herm, Reet; Tummeleht, Lea; Jürison, Margret; Vilem, Annika; Viltrop, Arvo

doi:10.1002/vms3.200

Cited by 36 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Understanding dispersal patterns can thus help us develop strategies to reduce the number of infectious diseases, such as campylobacteriosis [7]. In addition, dispersal of flies across large distances may also help explain disease outbreaks in other systems, such as African swine fever in temperate areas, where transmission routes are not fully [33,34].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrated genome-wide investigations of the housefly, a global vector of diseases reveal unique dispersal patterns and bacterial communities across farms

et al. 2020

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Background: Houseflies (Musca domestica L.) live in intimate association with numerous microorganisms and is a vector of human pathogens. In temperate areas, houseflies will overwinter in environments constructed by humans and recolonize surrounding areas in early summer. However, the dispersal patterns and associated bacteria across season and location are unclear. We used genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) for the simultaneous identification and genotyping of thousands of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) to establish dispersal patterns of houseflies across farms. Secondly, we used 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing to establish the variation and association between bacterial communities and the housefly across farms. Results: Using GBS we identified 18,000 SNPs across 400 individuals sampled within and between 11 dairy farms in Denmark. There was evidence for sub-structuring of Danish housefly populations and with genetic structure that differed across season and sex. Further, there was a strong isolation by distance (IBD) effect, but with large variation suggesting that other hidden geographic barriers are important. Large individual variations were observed in the community structure of the microbiome and it was found to be dependent on location, sex, and collection time. Furthermore, the relative prevalence of putative pathogens was highly dependent on location and collection time. Conclusion: We were able to identify SNPs for the determination of the spatiotemporal housefly genetic structure, and to establish the variation and association between bacterial communities and the housefly across farms using novel next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques. These results are important for disease prevention given the fine-scale population structure and IBD for the housefly, and that individual houseflies carry location specific bacteria including putative pathogens.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrated genome-wide investigations of the housefly, a global vector of diseases reveal unique dispersal patterns and bacterial communities across farms

et al. 2020

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“…Blood-sucking arthropods could also be involved and requires investigation but one would expect more outbreaks if they were important, as well as more cases within herds (Nurmoja et al 2018). A survey has been conducted to determine the species of Diptera associated with Estonian pig farms (Tummeleht et al 2020). A preliminary investigation of trapped Diptera detected traces of ASF virus in two flies and two mosquitoes, but further investigations to determine whether these insects could maintain and transmit infectious ASF virus are required (Herm et al 2020).…”

Section: Estoniamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A survey has been conducted to determine the species of Diptera associated with Estonian pig farms (Tummeleht et al 2020). A preliminary investigation of trapped Diptera detected traces of ASF virus in two flies and two mosquitoes, but further investigations to determine whether these insects could maintain and transmit infectious ASF virus are required (Herm et al 2020).…”

Section: Estoniamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, especially in areas where the risk of ASF is very high, for example where the virus is circulating in wild boars or poorly controlled populations of domestic pigs, compartmentalisation of commercial pig farming enterprises can be strongly recommended. 12 As the ASF virus is not airborne over distances greater than a few metres in a closed housing system (Wilkinson et al 1977; de Carvalho Ferreira et al 2013) and to date no important role for flying arthropods as mechanical vectors has been demonstrated (Plowright et al 1994;Forth et al 2018;Tummeleht et al 2020), the introduction of ASF into farms invariably involves human activity that can be prevented if biosecurity is strictly implemented.…”

Section: Managing Asf To Protect Commercial Pig Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Current status of African swine fever

Penrith

2020

CABI Agric Biosci

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African swine fever is a serious viral disease of domestic pigs and Eurasian wild boars that poses a major threat to pig production. For more than thirty years after its discovery in East Africa it was limited to eastern and southern Africa, where it is believed to have originated. The ability of the causative virus to remain viable for long periods in raw or insufficiently cooked pork products has enabled it, through travel and trade, to spread widely throughout sub-Saharan Africa and to other continents. In the second half of the 20 th century it had caused outbreaks in the majority of African countries where pigs are produced, as well as in a number of European countries, two of the Caribbean islands, and Brazil. By the turn of the century it had been eradicated from all non-African countries except the Italian island of Sardinia. In 2007 African swine fever arrived in the Republic of Georgia, and has subsequently spread insidiously into other Transcaucasian countries, Russia and some of its neighbours. In 2014 it reached the Baltic States and Poland through infected wild boars, and has become established in several wild boar populations from which it is difficult to eradicate. Most recently, in 2018 the first outbreaks were reported in China, home to half of the world's pig population, where it spread with unprecedented rapidity throughout China and to several other countries in the region, including the island nations of Philippines, Indonesia, Timor-Leste and Papua New Guinea. These events have posed new challenges for control, including some that parallel the situation in Africa, where poor people rely on pigs produced at subsistence level to provide for their needs and where pigs may also be socially and culturally important. The central role that humans play in the maintenance and spread of African swine fever has again been emphasised. This review describes the current status of African swine fever globally and the trends and challenges for management that face veterinarians and pig industries at all levels worldwide.

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“…Only Plowright and co-workers mentioned a study that failed to validate the vectoral competence of mosquitoes and horse flies for the virus [49]. A recent study performed in Estonia detected low viral doses in a mosquito collected from an infected farm, but virus isolation was unsuccessful [50]. These results cannot yet validate a role for mosquitoes in the transmission of ASFV, only the fact that mosquitoes can bite viremic pigs and potentially acquire the virus.…”

Section: Culicidaementioning

confidence: 99%

Putative Role of Arthropod Vectors in African Swine Fever Virus Transmission in Relation to Their Bio-Ecological Properties

Bonnet

Bouhsira

Regge

et al. 2020

Viruses

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African swine fever (ASF) is one of the most important diseases in Suidae due to its significant health and socioeconomic consequences and represents a major threat to the European pig industry, especially in the absence of any available treatment or vaccine. In fact, with its high mortality rate and the subsequent trade restrictions imposed on affected countries, ASF can dramatically disrupt the pig industry in afflicted countries. In September 2018, ASF was unexpectedly identified in wild boars from southern Belgium in the province of Luxembourg, not far from the Franco-Belgian border. The French authorities rapidly commissioned an expert opinion on the risk of ASF introduction and dissemination into metropolitan France. In Europe, the main transmission routes of the virus comprise direct contact between infected and susceptible animals and indirect transmission through contaminated material or feed. However, the seasonality of the disease in some pig farms in Baltic countries, including outbreaks in farms with high biosecurity levels, have led to questions on the possible involvement of arthropods in the transmission of the virus. This review explores the current body of knowledge on the most common arthropod families present in metropolitan France. We examine their potential role in spreading ASF—by active biological or mechanical transmission or by passive transport or ingestion—in relation to their bio-ecological properties. It also highlights the existence of significant gaps in our knowledge on vector ecology in domestic and wild boar environments and in vector competence for ASFV transmission. Filling these gaps is essential to further understanding ASF transmission in order to thus implement appropriate management measures.

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Trace amounts of African swine fever virus DNA detected in insects collected from an infected pig farm in Estonia

Cited by 36 publications

References 30 publications

Integrated genome-wide investigations of the housefly, a global vector of diseases reveal unique dispersal patterns and bacterial communities across farms

Integrated genome-wide investigations of the housefly, a global vector of diseases reveal unique dispersal patterns and bacterial communities across farms

Current status of African swine fever

Putative Role of Arthropod Vectors in African Swine Fever Virus Transmission in Relation to Their Bio-Ecological Properties

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