Embrace the leadership challenge: The role of Gay men’s internalized sexual stigma on the evaluation of others’ leadership and one’s own

Salvati, Marco; Pellegrini, Valerio; Giacomantonio, Mauro; Cristofaro, Valeria De

doi:10.1111/bjso.12424

Cited by 18 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…Before completing the BSRI, participants read on a screen that the test returns a total score from 0 to 50, whereby zero corresponds to an extremely feminine personality and 50 corresponds to an extremely masculine personality. This procedure replicated that which was employed in other studies (Glick et al, 2007; Hunt et al, 2016; Salvati et al, 2016; 2020).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 79%

“…The present research investigates implicit negative associations with stereotypically masculine and stereotypically feminine gay men in a sample of both heterosexual and gay/bisexual (GB) men, by manipulating their self-perceived masculinity through fictitious feedback to the Bem Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI; Bem, 1974; Glick et al, 2007; Salvati et al, 2020). We collected participants’ adherence to traditional masculinity, their norms of traditional masculinity ideology, their sexual prejudice (in heterosexual male participants), and their internalized sexual stigma (in gay male participants).…”

Section: The Present Studies and Hypothesesmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Masculinity threat and implicit associations with feminine gay men: Sexual orientation, sexual stigma, and traditional masculinity.

Salvati¹,

Passarelli²,

Chiorri³

et al. 2021

Psychology of Men & Masculinities

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The present study investigated implicit associations of stereotypical feminine and masculine gay men pictures with word stimuli referring to negative (vs. positive) and with self (vs. others) categories, among heterosexual and gay/bisexual men. We manipulated participants' masculinity threat through a fictitious personality score and measured their sexual prejudice, internalized sexual stigma, adherence to traditional masculinity, and the norms of traditional masculinity ideology. We conducted two preliminary studies (n total = 186) to create and select the picture stimuli for the implicit association test (IAT), whereas the first (n = 180) and the second (n = 301) studies tested our research hypotheses. In Study 1, the IAT detected the associations between the pictures with positive and negative word stimuli, and in Study 2 the word stimuli referred to the self and others categories. The results indicated that in the condition of masculinity threat, compared to masculinity confirmation and control groups, both heterosexual and gay/bisexual participants were more likely to associate the stereotypical feminine gay men pictures to the self (vs. others), but not to negative (vs. positive) category. Furthermore, results showed that adherence to traditional masculinity has the strongest relations with the implicit association test (IAT) scores, and that internalized sexual stigma assumes a moderating role for gay men. Limitations and further directions are discussed.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 79%

Section: The Present Studies and Hypothesesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Masculinity threat and implicit associations with feminine gay men: Sexual orientation, sexual stigma, and traditional masculinity.

Salvati¹,

Passarelli²,

Chiorri³

et al. 2021

Psychology of Men & Masculinities

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Research on recruitment for leadership positions has found either that lesbian women face a higher degree of discrimination in recruitment than gay men do (Fasoli and Hegarty, 2019), that lesbian women and gay men face equal amounts of discrimination (Fasoli et al, 2017), or that lesbian women and gay men are as equally likely to be hired as their heterosexual counterparts (Niedlich and Steffens, 2015). Moreover, gay men who display gender non-conformity have been evaluated less positively as leaders than gender conforming gay men (de Cristofaro et al, 2020;Salvati et al, 2021). We have found no similar research on the effect on leadership potential of gender conformity of lesbian women.…”

Section: Suggestions For Future Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stereotype Content at the Intersection of Gender and Sexual Orientation

Klysing

Lindqvist²,

Björklund

2021

Front. Psychol.

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According to the Stereotype Content Model (SCM), the content of stereotypes differs on two dimensions: communion and agency. Research shows that for stereotypes about the general gender categories of “women” and “men,” there is an ambivalent pattern of communion and agency, where high levels on one dimension are associated with low levels on the other. For sexual minority stereotypes, a gender inversion has been found, whereas homosexual women are seen as more similar to men in general than to women in general, whereas homosexual men are seen as more similar to women in general than to men in general. However, there is limited research on how stereotype content for general groups relate to stereotype content for subgroups with intersecting category memberships. This research addresses this gap by investigating stereotype content at the intersection of gender and sexual orientation, including stereotype content for general gender groups, heterosexual groups, homosexual groups, and bisexual groups. In Study 1, a community sample from Sweden (N = 824) rated perceived communion and agency for women and men in general, as well as hetero-, homo-, and bisexual women and men. In Study 2, a nationally representative Swedish sample (N = 424) performed the same rating task, and in addition completed Single-Category IATs (SC-IATs) for warmth and competence. Results from both studies show that the stereotype content for the general categories “women” and “men” overlap with the stereotype content for heterosexual same-gender targets. Homosexual and bisexual groups were rated as more similar to their non-congruent gender category than same gender heterosexual categories were, but stereotype content for sexual minority groups did not overlap with either general gender categories, thus showing only incomplete gender inversion of stereotype content. Implicit associations between “women” and “warmth” were significantly stronger than associations between “men” and “warmth.” There were no other significant relations between implicit associations to warmth/competence and gender or sexual orientation. Theoretical and methodological implications for future research into intersectional stereotype content are presented, including how the findings inform the co-dependent relationship between a binary gender structure and a heteronormative ideology.

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“…Contrasting these findings, there is also evidence that gay men are not discriminated against (Van Hoye & Lievens, 2003), and they appeared similar (in agency and hireability) for masculine‐typed jobs when compared with heterosexual men (Niedlich & Steffens, 2015). Regardless of their sexual orientation, feminine leaders were rated as less effective than masculine leaders (De Cristofaro et al, 2020) (also see Salvati et al, 2021), and applicants with gay or lesbian sounding voices were discriminated against as compared to applicants with voices sounding heterosexual (Fasoli et al, 2017; also see Fasoli & Hegarty, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sexual orientation information and hiring: Can individualizing information lead to negative stereotyping of sexual minority group members?

Niedlich

Kachel

Steffens

2022

J Applied Social Pyschol

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In a work context, impression formation processes may determine individuals' success or failure. For example, when hiring, personnel managers often evaluate a large quantity of application material in a short time. Determining personal careers, managers decide for whom they open or close the doors to climb up the career ladder.Equal Treatment Acts prescribe that hiring decisions are unbiased by stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination. In practice, stereotyping is hard to avoid even if individuals try to avoid biased impressions based on social-group memberships. Nowadays, avoiding stereotyping could be even harder because many employers use the strategy of searching for private information about applicants on social networks. Thus, they gain access to a lot of additional and personal |

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Embrace the leadership challenge: The role of Gay men’s internalized sexual stigma on the evaluation of others’ leadership and one’s own

Cited by 18 publications

References 53 publications

Masculinity threat and implicit associations with feminine gay men: Sexual orientation, sexual stigma, and traditional masculinity.

Masculinity threat and implicit associations with feminine gay men: Sexual orientation, sexual stigma, and traditional masculinity.

Stereotype Content at the Intersection of Gender and Sexual Orientation

Sexual orientation information and hiring: Can individualizing information lead to negative stereotyping of sexual minority group members?

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