Embolic risk of the different stages of carotid bifurcation balloon angioplasty: An experimental study

Abstract

Carotid balloon angioplasty generates embolic particles after each stage of the procedure. Techniques of prevention should then be effective from the initial step of the angioplasty procedure, and the selection of patients for carotid angioplasty remains crucial.

Microembolization During Carotid Artery Stenting in Patients With High-Risk, Lipid-Rich Plaque

“…If a filter is used, lesion crossing with a standard coronary wire or the device itself is performed without any protection. This method may be associated with a substantial embolization risk, especially in tight and soft/ulcerated plaques (17,18). The finding that MES number in the FilterWire EZ group was similar to that reported in unprotected CAS or in CAS performed with different distal protection devices (10,19 -21) (10,20).…”

Carotid Angioplasty and Stenting Without Protection Devices

“…At the same time TCD has proved that the procedure-related embolization during CAS is higher than that during CEA although the clinical significance of microemboli is not clear [32]. The incidence of perioperative stroke in this series was 3% (n = 4) but no deaths were related to the procedure.…”

Microemboli at the different stages of percutaneous transluminal carotid angioplasty and stenting in patients with post–carotid endarterectomy restenosis compared to primary stenosis

“…Advantages of carotid angioplasty and stenting include avoidance of general anesthesia and avoidance of making an incision in the neck, that might be complicated by hematoma formation, wound infection, and nerve injuries [5,[15][16][17][18]. The phenomenon of microembolization during PTCA and stenting is well described in the literature [1][2][3][4][5]7,8].…”

“…The phenomenon of microembolization in cerebral arteries during PTCA and stenting is well described [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. Nevertheless, there are no data about possible differences between patients with primary stenosis and those with post-CEA restenosis of the ICA regarding the number of HITS and their distribution during the different stages of PTCA and stenting.…”