“…The deposition of the metal splats is affected by the velocity and temperature of the impacting particles, the roughness and temperature of the substrate surface, and the relative angle between the particle trajectory and the substrate ( Ref 4,8), among others. The deposited metal particles may embed into relatively softer polymer substrates, such as nylon, polyurethane (PU), and polyethylene (PE) ( Ref 23,44,45). Alternatively, the particles may deform and interlock upon contact with the polymer substrate surface, as shown in previous studies involving basalt and glass fiber-reinforced epoxy thermosets ( Ref 17,18) and pre-treated thermoplastic PU ( Ref 20).…”