“…Fig. 1 [17] 22 kHz 50 Hz/K 0.10 m Implementation options for the electronic driver (including PSoC1*) were discussed [18] 25 kHz 25 Hz/K 0.10 m Comparison of ultrasonic thermometer architectures was conducted [19] 46 kHz 60 Hz/K 0.10 m Use of an UOTS for overnight measurements and observed hysteresis were reported [20] 25 kHz 20 Hz/K 0.10 m Simultaneous use of two UOTSes for the same process, modular design of the electronic driver, and thermal hysteresis for the recorded data were discussed [21] 27 kHz 30 Hz/K 0.10 m Differential temperature measurement using two UOTS was reported [22] 27 kHz 30 Hz/K 0.10 m UOTS and conventional temperature sensors were compared for a posteriori detection of the temperature extremum point *PSoC1 refers to the programmable systems on chip series 1 device, which is a highly versatile electronic part manufactured by Cypress Semiconductor.…”
Section: Development Of Ultrasonic Oscillating Temperature Sensorsmentioning
Ultrasonic temperature measurement allows for responsive measurements across an entire ultrasonic pathway, unlike most conventional temperature sensors that respond to the temperature at the point of their placement only after a notable response time. The high cost of required ultrasonic instrumentation can be reduced substantially by using ultrasonic oscillating temperature sensors (UOTS) consisting of inexpensive narrowband piezo transducers and driving electronics. An UOTS produces sustained oscillations at a frequency that relates to the temperature of the medium between the transducers. The existence of thermal hysteresis in UOTS readings, observed experimentally and apparently related to the fundamental properties of piezoelectric materials, makes conversion of the output frequency readings to the temperature values ambiguous. This makes it complicated to calibrate and use UOTS on their own. In the reported experiment (heating, then naturally cooling of a water vessel equipped with both UOTS and conventional sensors), this hysteresis was solved by fusing UOTS data with conventional temperature sensor readings. As the result, the combination of one UOTS plus one conventional reference sensor allowed improving both the temperature resolution and responsiveness of the latter and ambiguity of the readings of the former. Data fusion effectively led to calibrating the UOTS at every change of the conventional sensor's reading, removing any concerns related to the thermal expansion/contraction of the ultrasonic pathway itself and/or hysteresis of piezoelectric transducers.
“…Fig. 1 [17] 22 kHz 50 Hz/K 0.10 m Implementation options for the electronic driver (including PSoC1*) were discussed [18] 25 kHz 25 Hz/K 0.10 m Comparison of ultrasonic thermometer architectures was conducted [19] 46 kHz 60 Hz/K 0.10 m Use of an UOTS for overnight measurements and observed hysteresis were reported [20] 25 kHz 20 Hz/K 0.10 m Simultaneous use of two UOTSes for the same process, modular design of the electronic driver, and thermal hysteresis for the recorded data were discussed [21] 27 kHz 30 Hz/K 0.10 m Differential temperature measurement using two UOTS was reported [22] 27 kHz 30 Hz/K 0.10 m UOTS and conventional temperature sensors were compared for a posteriori detection of the temperature extremum point *PSoC1 refers to the programmable systems on chip series 1 device, which is a highly versatile electronic part manufactured by Cypress Semiconductor.…”
Section: Development Of Ultrasonic Oscillating Temperature Sensorsmentioning
Ultrasonic temperature measurement allows for responsive measurements across an entire ultrasonic pathway, unlike most conventional temperature sensors that respond to the temperature at the point of their placement only after a notable response time. The high cost of required ultrasonic instrumentation can be reduced substantially by using ultrasonic oscillating temperature sensors (UOTS) consisting of inexpensive narrowband piezo transducers and driving electronics. An UOTS produces sustained oscillations at a frequency that relates to the temperature of the medium between the transducers. The existence of thermal hysteresis in UOTS readings, observed experimentally and apparently related to the fundamental properties of piezoelectric materials, makes conversion of the output frequency readings to the temperature values ambiguous. This makes it complicated to calibrate and use UOTS on their own. In the reported experiment (heating, then naturally cooling of a water vessel equipped with both UOTS and conventional sensors), this hysteresis was solved by fusing UOTS data with conventional temperature sensor readings. As the result, the combination of one UOTS plus one conventional reference sensor allowed improving both the temperature resolution and responsiveness of the latter and ambiguity of the readings of the former. Data fusion effectively led to calibrating the UOTS at every change of the conventional sensor's reading, removing any concerns related to the thermal expansion/contraction of the ultrasonic pathway itself and/or hysteresis of piezoelectric transducers.
“…In addition, most conventional sensors must achieve thermal equilibrium between the sensor and the surrounding environment. This equilibrium can take a few seconds after a temperature change before the sensor starts to produce correct readings [4,5]. In contrast, the response of ultrasonic thermometers is nearly instantaneous.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In contrast, the response of ultrasonic thermometers is nearly instantaneous. Finally, ultrasonic sensors were reported to achieve much higher resolution than conventional temperature sensors [5].…”
“…They can also provide very high resolution, down to a hundredth of a centigrade [6,7]. We believe that oscillating ultrasonic temperature sensors (UOTS) are most suitable for measurements of process temperatures in pipes with diameters of around 100 mm [8].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…An UOTS requires a pair of ultrasonic transducers and driving electronics with supervisory control and output reporting. Realization of the required functionality at low cost can potentially be achieved by using Programmable System on-Chip (PSoC) microcontrollers with built in analog peripherals, and temperature compensated crystal oscillators [8,9].…”
Abstract-In contrast to most conventional temperature sensors, which need to come to thermal equilibrium with the medium of interest to report its temperature, UOTS interrogate the medium based on the propagation speed of ultrasound, and will return temperature data that are "averaged" for the complete ultrasound pathway. It has been demonstrated that UOTS can provide consistent high-resolution temperature readings under steadily decreasing temperatures using inexpensive ultrasonic transducers and low cost electronic instrumentation.
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