Embarrassment: Its distinct form and appeasement functions.

Abstract

The authors address 2 questions about embarrassment. First, Is embarrassment a distinct emotion? The evidence indicates that the antecedents, experience, and display of embarrassment, and to a limited extent its autonomic physiology, are distinct from shame, guilt, and amusement and share the dynamic, temporal characteristics of emotion. Second, What are the theoretical accounts of embarrassment? Three accounts focus on the causes of embarrassment, positioning that it follows the loss of self-esteem, concern for others' evaluations, or absence of scripts to guide interactions. A fourth account focuses on the effects of the remedial actions of embarrassment, which correct preceding transgressions. A fifth account focuses on the functional parallels between embarrassment and nonhuman appeasement. The discussion focuses on unanswered questions about embarrassment.

When and how communicated guilt affects contributions in public good dilemmas

“…In the present article we focus on communicated guilt. We do so because people often evaluate social dilemmas in terms of morality (e.g., Van Lange & Kuhlman, 1994), and guilt is the emotion that is experienced after "having transgressed a moral imperative" in the past (Lazarus, 1991, p. 240; see for applications of guilt in social dilemma settings e.g., Ketelaar & Au, 2003;Nelissen, Dijker, & De Vries, 2007 (Barrett, 1995;Keltner & Buswell, 1997).…”

The vocal communication of different kinds of smile

“…Ekman & Friesen, 1988). There are, however, many more subtle types of smiles - Ekman (2001, p. 127) claims that his Facial Action Coding System (FACS) can distinguish more than 50 different smiles, and at least some of these have been shown to involve different facial acts such as suppression and control (Keltner, 1995;Keltner & Buswell, 1997).…”

A Influência do Constrangimento do Consumidor no Processo de Compra

“…O segundo é a percepção de ser julgado ou avaliado pelas pessoas que o observam, chamado constrangimento avaliativo (Lewis & Ramsay, 2002). Neste caso, comprar um produto que contradiz a imagem que o consumidor quer passar aos outros pode gerar constrangimento quando a compra é observável (Dahl et al, 2001;Keltner & Buswell, 1997;Lau-Gesk & Drolet, 2008). Por exemplo, o consumidor se sente constrangido ao usar cupons ao antecipar o que o caixa pode pensar (Brumbaugh & Rosa, 2009) ou quando tem que comprar produtos como preservativos, pensando que os outros podem avaliá-lo como promíscuo (Dahl et al, 2001;Lupton, 1994), ou quando o produto evidencia uma situação inconveniente, como por exemplo, diarreia (Blair & Roese, 2013).…”