Elucidating pharmacodynamic interaction of silver nanoparticle - topical deliverable antibiotics

Abstract

In order to exploit the potential benefits of antimicrobial combination therapy, we need a better understanding of the circumstances under which pharmacodynamic interactions expected. In this study, Pharmacodynamic interactions between silver nanoparticle (SNP) and topical antibiotics such as Cefazolin (CEF), Mupirocin (MUP), Gentamycin (GEN), Neomycin (NEO), Tetracycline (TET), Vancomycin (VAN) were investigated using the MIC test, Combination assay followed by Fractional Inhibitory concentration Index and Agar well diffusion method. SNP + MUP, SNP + NEO, SNP + VAN combinations showed Synergism (SN) and SNP + CEF, SNP + GEN, SNP + TET showed Partial synergism (PS) against Staphylococcus aureus. Four combinations (SNP + CEF, SNP + MUP, SNP + GEN, SNP + VAN) showed SN, SNP + TET showed PS and Indifferent effect (ID) were observed for SNP + NEO against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. SN was observed for SNP + CEF, SNP + GEN, SNP + NEO, SNP + TET and SNP + MUP showed ID, SNP + VAN showed PS against Escherichia coli. In addition, we elucidated the possible mechanism involved in the pharmacodynamic interaction between SNP-topical antibiotics by increased ROS level, membrane damage following protein release, K+ leakage and biofilm inhibition. Thus, our findings support that conjugation of the SNP with topical antibiotics have great potential in the topical formulation when treating complex resistant bacterial infections and where there is a need of more concentration to kill pathogenic bacteria.

RETRACTED: Utilizing of (Zinc Oxide Nano-Spray) for Disinfection against “SARS-CoV-2” and Testing Its Biological Effectiveness on Some Biochemical Parameters during (COVID-19 Pandemic)—“ZnO Nanoparticles Have Antiviral Activity against (SARS-CoV-2)”

“…Direct precipitation was used for preparation of zinc oxide nanoparticles by employing Zn (NO 3 ) 2 as a potent precursor and potassium hydroxide as a precipitator. Aqueous solution of 0.2 M zinc nitrate and 0.4 M KOH solution was synthesized at first, then a 0.4 M solution of potassium hydroxide was added slowly to the solution of 0.2 M zinc nitrate stirring at 25 • C, and a precipitate with white color was collected by centrifugation, then dried under a vacuum oven for 4 h at 70 • C [27]. To produce zinc oxide with different sizes of nano crystallite, zinc oxide was annealed for 4 h at various temperatures from 100 to 650 • C. The size and shape of zinc oxide nanoparticles were characterized using SEM, TEM and HRTEM images.…”

Metal-Based Nanoparticles for the Treatment of Infectious Diseases

“…The possible mechanism for the synergistic effect was the production of cytotoxic reactive oxygen species light by the visible blue light resulting in thermal destruction of the bacteria and the release of silver ions resulting in the destruction of the cell membrane of the bacterial [ 53 ]. Thirumurugan et al, evaluated the effects of combining silver nanoparticles with antibiotics such as cefazolin, mupirocin, gentamycin, neomycin, tetracycline and vancomycin against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli [ 54 ]. The synergistic antibacterial effect was proposed to be as a result of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) generated membrane cell damage [ 54 ].…”

“…Thirumurugan et al, evaluated the effects of combining silver nanoparticles with antibiotics such as cefazolin, mupirocin, gentamycin, neomycin, tetracycline and vancomycin against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli [ 54 ]. The synergistic antibacterial effect was proposed to be as a result of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) generated membrane cell damage [ 54 ]. Balaji et al, reported the synergistic effect of cephalexin, an antibiotic conjugated onto silver nanoparticles against E. coli and S. aureus [ 55 ].…”

<p>Recent advances in <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> infection: focus on vaccine development</p>

“…Nano-scale materials such as silver nanoparticles have emerged as novel antimicrobial agents in combination with existing antibiotics and have shown the most effective antimicrobial activity in vitro 77–79. Several recent studies have tested the efficacy of these silver nanoparticles in combination with antibiotics and they have been found to be a novel therapeutic strategy to treat infections caused by multi-drug-resistant organisms 80–82. A synergistic effect increasing the antibiotic activity of penicillin combined with silver nanoparticles has been found against S. aureus including MRSA 83–85.…”